绿色经济的政策挑战与可持续经济的发展

The Policy Challenges for the Green Economy and Sustainable Economic Development

国际决策者往往把绿色增长、能效提高、清洁能源技术和可持续发展视作互补的目标。文章认为,全球生态系统退化和损失,意味着这个世界在继续面临着生态稀缺性问题的日益严重——即当这些系统被用于人类目的和行为时,其重大的收益或"服务"所遭受的损失——绿色增长就将无力确保可持续经济发展。克服这个问题,需要面临进一步的可持续性和融资的挑战。可持续性的挑战是指解决一系列市场、政策和制度失灵的问题,这些失灵妨碍人们认清这种稀缺性的经济意义。融资的挑战是指弥合这二者的差距,其一为人类从生态系统中得到的全球收益,其二为我们有多大意愿耗资去维持和保护它们。解决可持续性挑战的关键步骤,在于改进生态稀缺性的经济和科学分析,评估收益损失,并将其中包含的启示转换成政策。缓解融资挑战的可能性,则在于探索和启用一批创新性的融资机制,从生态系统服务的国际付费机制,到国际金融基金的融资和外汇交易税收机制。

Green growth, the promotion of energy efficiency and clean energy technologies and sustainable devel- opment are frequently viewed as complementary goals by international policymakers. This paper argues that green growth will not ensure sustainable economic development as long as global ecosystem degradation and loss means that the wor/d continues to face worsening problems of ecological scarcity - the loss of myriad benefits, or ＂services＂, as these systems are exploited for human use and activity. Overcoming this problem requires ad- dressing further sustainability and funding challenges. The sustainability challenge is to overcome a vast array of market, policy and institutional failures that prevents recognition of the economic significance of this scarcity. The funding challenge is to bridge the shortfall between the global benefits that humankind receives from ecosys- tems and what we are willing to pay to maintain and conserve them. Improving economic and scientific analysis of ecological scarcity, valuing the loss in benefits, and translating the implications into policy are the key steps for addressing the sustainability challenge. Exploring and implementing a range of innovative financing mecha- nisms, rom international payments for ecosystem services to financial and currency transaction taxes to interna- tional financing facilities are possibilities for alleviating the funding challenge.