新中国成立以来的新疆土地开发

The Land Reclamation in Xinjiang since the Founding of New China

新中国成立以来,新疆的土地开发经历了三个时期:①1950—1977年以开荒扩大耕地面积为主,耕地面积虽不断增加,但经历了"大跃进"和"十年动乱"干扰,农业生产水平低,粮食仅能实现低水平自给,个别年份还要调入;②1978—1995年耕地面积没有增加,以提高单产为主,粮食单产大幅提高,并逐步压缩粮食面积,增加棉花播种面积,不仅实现粮食自给,还建成全国棉花基地;③1995—2009年,实行提高单产与扩大耕地面积并举,粮棉产量进一步大幅提高,粮食单产高于全国平均水平,建成全国最大的产棉区,总产占全国近二分之一。60多年来新疆土地开发虽取得了巨大成绩,但对生态环境破坏严重,现有耕地已达到水资源承载能力,今后总体上不宜再开荒,而应通过土地整合,提高绿洲内净耕地利用系数,发展节水灌溉,不断提高土地生产力。

The land reclamation of Xinjiang has gone through three periods since the founding of New China： 1 ） from 1950 to 1977, the economic activities in this region were mainly reclamation to increase the area of farmland. Although the cultivated land area increased gradually, the productivity level of agriculture and food supply was lower because of the ＂great leap forward＂ and the ＂ten years convulsion＂. In addition, importation is needed in individual year. 2） From 1978 to 1995, the economic activities in Xinjiang were mainly enhancing per unit area yield without expanding the reclaimed area, leading to substantial increase in food yield. In addition, the area of food supply was gradually reduced, area of cotton was increased, resulting in not only food self-reliance but also the establishment of a national base for cotton production. 3 ） From 1995 to 2009, the main economic activities in Xinjiang were to enhance the unit yield together with enlarging the reclaimed area, the yield of food and cotton increased further to a large degree and unit yield of food was higher than the national average level, hence the biggest cotton producing area was set up with the total yield accounting for half of the whole nation. Although great achievements have been gained in land reclamation in Xinjiang in the past 60 years, yet ecological environment was seriously damaged and the existing cultivated land has reached the carrying capacity of the water resource. It is suggested no land reclamation should be done, but land conformity should be carried out, so as to raise the coefficient of net land use, and develop water-saving irrigation to enhance land productivity.