台特玛湖湿地保护研究

STUDY ON PROTECTION OF WET LAND OF TAITEMA LAKE

台特玛湖位于塔里木盆地东北隅,属新疆若羌县,是现塔里木河和车尔臣河的归宿地。它是由阿尔金山山前平原和塔里木河及车尔臣河冲积平原交汇处的低地积水形成的,过去曾与罗布泊相通。湖泊沉积物以细沙为主,在强劲的东北风吹蚀下,极易就地起沙。1982~1998年曾连续干涸17年,使湖西岸发展成强度沙漠化,若长期干涸,将会演变成一片沙海。这将会严重威胁218国道和将要修建的环塔里木盆地铁路以及新疆至青海铁路,对塔里木盆地东部重镇若羌的发展带来很大的影响。保护台特玛湿地,还可为候鸟迁徙提供栖息地,并可发展养鱼和育苇。湖面应保持最小面积为10~30km^2,根据水面蒸发系数计算约需3000×10~4~4500×10~4m^3的水量。入湖水量由塔里木河和车尔臣河各承担一半。要求塔里木河每年从大西海子下泄水量2.3×10~8m^3,除维护下游绿色走廊生态用水外,可有1500×10~4~2500×10~4m^3的水量入湖。车尔臣河向台特玛湖输水方便快捷,其上游不宜修建大型水库,使中下游水量达到1.5×10~8~2.0×10~8m^3,保证所分担的水量不成问题,并通过对其下游三角洲整治,还可增加向台特玛湖的输水量,使之成为台特玛湖的主要补给水源。

Taitema Lake is in the north eastern Tarim Basin and belongs to Ruoqiang County of Xinjiang. It is the destination of Tarim River and Cherchen River presently. Taitema Lake is generated from the lowland waterlogging in the piedmont plain of Altun Mountains and in the interchange of alluvial plain of Tarim River and Cherchen River,it used to connect with Lop Nur. The sediments of lakes are dominated by silver sand, the sand is easily to rise under strong northeast wind. The lake was dried up for 17 years continuously in 1982 - 1998, bringing about strong desertization to the western area of lake. It will be a sea of sand after long-term dried up,and it will threaten 218 national road and railway of Xinjiang-Qinghai and impact the development of Ruoqiang County. Protecting Taitema Lake will also provide habitat for migratory birds and support development of fish farming and reed planting. In the protection of Taitema Lake, the minimum lake area of 10 - 30km^2 are needed to sustain. According to the calculation of surface evaporation, the minimum water quantities of 3000× 10^4 -4500× 10^4m^3 are needed, and these water quantities are supplied by Tarim River and Cherchen River in half and half. It is required that the water quantities of 2. 3 × 10^8m^3 are flowing down to the lower reaches of Daxihaizi annually. Except maintaining the ecological water use on the lower reaches, the water quantities of 1500 × 10^4 - 2500 × 10^4 m^3 are into Taitema Lake. It is convenient to transfer water from Cherchen River to Taitema Lake. It is not suitable to build large reservoirs in the upper reaches of Cherchen River,and the water quantities of 1.5×10^8 -2.0×10^8m^3 is ensured to reach the middle and lower reaches. Additionally, the management of delta in the lower reaches can also increase the water quantities into Taitema Lake,and therefore Cherchen River can be the major water resource.