蒙古族草原游牧文化(Ⅰ)——蒙古族的形成、语言文字、教育及宗教信仰

Rangeland nomadic culture of the Mongolian nationality(Ⅰ)——Origin,language and religion of the Mongolian nationality

通过查阅蒙古族文献资料,多数学者认为蒙古族源自:东胡→鲜卑(乌桓)→室韦(鞑靼)→蒙古。1206年春,蒙古部首领铁木真经过多次征战终于完成了蒙古地区诸部的统一大业,建立了"伊克.蒙高勒.兀鲁思",即大蒙古国。蒙古语属阿尔泰语系蒙古语族。蒙古文有胡都木文和托忒文。胡都木蒙古文应用广泛。古代的蒙古族信仰萨满教。13世纪初叶,藏传佛教开始传入蒙古地区,蒙古上层改信红派喇嘛教,从16世纪后始接受格鲁派喇嘛教,而入主中亚、西亚的蒙古族大部改信伊斯兰教,东欧的蒙古族改信东正教。但从事牧业的民间还保留有萨满教。历史上蒙古族的教育以家庭教育为主,藏传佛教寺院教育为副。寺院教育培养出了不少精通藏文和医术的知识分子。中华人民共和国成立后民族教育应运而生。从蒙古包小学建立和蒙汉"双语"教学体系日渐完善、高标准寄宿制学校的建成,1997年"普九"通过验收,经历了四个发展阶段。蒙古族从小就通过格言、谚语来进行家庭道德、社会公德、人际道德教育。

Based on the literatures regarding the Mongolian culture, the most scholars consider that the ori- gin of the Mongolian nationality was Donghu → Xianbei （Wuhuan） → Shiwei （Tartar）→ Mongolian. In 1206,Tiemuzhen, the Mongolian chief,united all Mongolian tribes and built up the Great Mongolia Empire. The Mon- golian language belongs to Altai language family. The religion of Mongolian ancestors was Shamanism. In the beginning of 13th century, the Tibetan Buddhism was introduced and the Rninmapa of Tibetan Buddhism was ac- cepted by the upper-class people. After 16th century it was replaced by Gelugpa of Tibetan Buddhism. Most of Mongolian people expanded into the Middle Asia and West Asia changed to Islam and those in Europe changed to Orthodox Eastern Church. However, the Shamanism is still preserved by the people engaged in animal pro- duction. Family education was the main way and which was assisted by that in monastery. After new China wasbuilt up, the dual language （Mongolian and Chinese） education system was established.