论体育侵权中的受害人同意规则——历史起源、域外视野与法理分析

On the Victim Consent in Sports Tort——Origin,Comparison and Legal Analysis

对体育侵权中受害人同意规则的暨有研究存在认识误区和弱化趋势。事实上,竞技体育比赛与受害人同意规则的关联最早可追溯到西方的古希腊和古罗马文明。从罗马法开始,受害人同意规则在两大法系主要国家已经成为了侵权法理论中的一项主要免责事由,有的国家通过成文法明文规定之,亦有国家通过法院判例和学说上的解释论对其予以适用。受害人同意规则的法理基础应该是利益扬弃说,在我国法中一般作为非法定免责事由予以适用,且在适用中应注意"同意"的限度和与自甘风险规则的区别。

The present research on the victim consent in sports tort is largely misunderstood and weakened. In fact, the combination between sport and victim consent can be dated from ancient Greece and Rome. Since Roman law, victim consent has been a major exemption in tort law. Some countries make it as a rule while others recognize it through cases and theoretic explanations. The legal foundation of the rule is the discard of personal interest. In China, it is a non-- legislation exemption. The limit of consent and the difference from risk doctrine should also be paid much attention to.