下垫面变化对流域产汇流影响研究进展

Research Progress on Effects of Variations of Underlying Surface on Runoff Yield and Concentration in the River Basin

近年来随着人类活动影响的加剧,流域的下垫面条件发生了显著变化,改变了流域入渗、蒸散发、径流等水文过程的特征,对流域的水资源、洪旱都造成了显著影响。为科学合理地开发流域水资源,下垫面变化对流域产汇流影响成为水文科学研究的热点问题。近年来国内外关于下垫面变化对水循环影响方面的相关研究历程可以划分为萌芽阶段、起步阶段和发展阶段,现有研究认为,森林砍伐与草地开垦、农业开发与城镇化建设活动可以增加径流量,而水土保持措施可以减少径流量,流域下垫面通过各种景观变化的耦合作用影响河川径流。下垫面变化的水文效应的研究方法主要有流域对比试验法、特征变量时间序列法、水文模型法等,其中,流域生态水文模型是生态水文研究的前沿和热点。此外,多种综合方法越来越多地应用在下垫面变化影响水文效应的研究中,而"原型观测+数值模型"的研究方法可能会成为一个发展趋势。

With the increasing impacts of human activities, the underlying surface of the river basin has encountered significant variations in recent years, which has changed the characteristics of hydrological processes such as infiltration, evapotranspira- tion, and runoff, and also caused significant impacts on the water resources, flood, and drought in the river basin. In order to de- velop the water resources reasonably,the impacts of the variations of underlying surface on the runoff yield and concentration have become a hot topic in the hydrological research. In recent years, the research process of the effects of the variations of un- derlying surface on the hydrological cycle can be classified into three phases, budding stage, starting stage, and development stage. The current research suggests that deforestation, grassland reclamation, agricultural development, and urbanization can in- crease runoff, whereas soil and water conservation can reduce runoff, and the coupling effects of landscape change and underly- ing surface change can impact the runoff. The research methods of the hydrological effects caused by the variations of underlying surface include the comparative test, time-series method of characteristic values, and hydrological models, and the eco-hydrologi- cal model is the frontier and hot issue of eco-hydrological research. Moreover, several comprehensive methods have been applied to investigate the hydrological effects caused by the variations of underlying surface, and the research method of ＂prototype ob- servation plus numerical simulation＂ is the development trend.