栽培模式对直播油菜生长、产量和养分吸收利用的影响

Effects of cultivation pattern on growth,seed yield,nutrient uptake and utilization of direct-sowing oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)

发展直播油菜对增加我国油菜种植面积和总产有重要意义,但栽培措施尤其是施肥技术的滞后极大地影响了油菜的产量及施肥效果。2009/2010年度在湖北省油菜主产区设置田间试验,研究栽培模式对直播油菜生长、产量、经济效益和养分吸收利用的影响,探讨适合当前生产的高产高效栽培技术。结果表明,各优化模式比农民习惯栽培模式均有增产增收效果,其中在30×104plant/hm2种植密度、秸秆还田和加强病虫草害防治的基础上进行优化施肥(氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为N 195 kg/hm2、P2O590 kg/hm2、K2O 90 kg/hm2,硼砂用量15 kg/hm2,氮肥和钾肥分次施用)的模式Ⅲ表现最好,比农民习惯施肥增产35.9%、增收1632 Yuan/hm2,地上部干物质量和养分累积也均较高,氮、钾肥偏生产力分别为N 13.7 kg/kg和K2O 29.8 kg/kg,实现高产高效目标。说明当前直播油菜的栽培模式应结合其生长发育进程和养分吸收规律,适当密植以增库促源,加强植保防治病虫草害,更重要的是积极推行平衡施肥和有机、无机配施,并合理安排施肥时期及比例。

The directsowing cultivation has played an important role in increasing planting areas and total production of oilseed rape in China. However, the lagging cultivation and fertilization techniques restrict greatly rapeseed yield and fertilizer use efficiency. Two field experiments were therefore conducted in the main oilseed rape planting areas of Hubei province during 2009/2010. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of different cultivation patterns on growth, seed yield, economic benefit, nutrient uptake and fertilizer use efficiency of direct sowing oilseed rape, and thereby to summarize the key techniques of high yield and high efficiency cultivation under current production conditions. The results show that the optimized cultivation pattern （OCP） has higher rapeseed yield than that of the farmer’s practice pattern （FFP）, and the best performance is observed in the OCP Ⅲ treatment. With this cultivation pattern, reasonable fertilization measures （N 195 kg/ha, P2O5 90 kg/ha, K2O 90 kg/ha and Broax 15 kg/ha were applied, and N and K fertilizers were applied in splits） are implemented on the basis of increasing appropriately plant density （30×104 plant/ha）, using straw returning and enhancing plant protection to pest, disease and weed. The rapeseed yield and net benefit are increased by 35.9 % and 1632 Yuan/ha in the OCP Ⅲ treatment compared with the FFP treatment. In addition, the aboveground dry matter and nutrient accumulation amounts in the OCP Ⅲ are also significantly improved, and the mean N and K fertilizer efficiencies （PFP） are N 13.7 kg/kg and K2O 29.8 kg/kg, respectively. Hence, the OCP Ⅲ is considered as a better practice to achieve high yield and high efficiency of directsowing oilseed rape in present research. The results from this study indicate that cultivation management should be accord with the growth process and nutrient uptake regulation of directsowing oilseed rape. With this principle, we should increase appropriately planting density to enlarge source and sink of oilseed rape, whilst enhance plant protection to control pest, disease and weed. And more importantly, optimal fertilization measures should be used, including balanced fertilization, applying inorganic fertilizer combined with organic manure, and reasonably arranged fertilization time and ratio.