美国新墨西哥洛斯阿拉莫斯Cerro Grande火灾后的紧急溃坝分析

Emergency dam break analyses following the Cerro Grande fire near Los Alamos, New Mexico

2005年5月发生的Cerro Grande火灾严重损毁了美国新墨西哥洛斯阿拉莫斯上游的几个森林覆盖流域和洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室。火灾彻底改变了这些流域的降雨和径流关系,径流量幅值远大于火灾前的概率增大。径流量大幅加大增加了几座公路堤坝和该地区一座大坝发生灾难性溃决失事的可能性。火灾过后,成立了一个跨组织的受灾区域应急抢险小组来评估火灾造成的损失并制定和执行修复计划,以将对生命、财产和自然资源造成的损失降至最低。美国垦务局技术服务中心协助该火灾应急抢险小组进行了溃坝分析和潜在大坝或路堤溃决后风险应对方案的评估。方案评估用时非常短,因为7月1日标志着该地区传统雨季的开始。

The Cerro Grande fire of May 2000 severely burned the majority of several torested water- sheds upstream from the city of Los Alamos, NM, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The fire dra- matically altered the rainfall-runoff relationships in the watersheds, creating the potential for runoff vol- umes orders of magnitude greater than for pre-fire conditions. The dramatically increased runoff condi- tions created the potential for catastrophic dam-break failures of several highway embankments and a dam in the area.