巫王之玉——从《穆天子传》看西周玉文化的历史回归

Jade of Wizard King——Argument on Historic Return of Jade Culture from Biography of King Mu

对《穆天子传》所反映的西周玉文化的发展,既要考虑到历史发展的逻辑,同时也要考虑到昭王南征而不返等历史偶然性因素的作用。穆王去昆仑观黄帝之宫,可以说是对早期巫玉文化的一种回归。从以神为本的尊神文化到以人为本的尊礼文化,这种转变不可能一蹴而就。昭穆时期,是周代具有人文精神的礼乐文化的确立时期,也是新旧文化的交替期。在这种新旧并存中人们可以清楚地看到西周前期文化的发展和处于转型期的阶段特征。而这其中"礼玉文化"的最终确立是以对前期"巫玉文化"的全面总结为条件的。穆王的西行寻玉、寻求巫权的支持,乃是为了完成王权神圣化的目的而采取的变通之法。

When talking about the development of jade culture reflects in the Biography of King Mu, we should take the logic of historical development and the historical contingency factors such as the King Zhao＇ s not returning from the Nanzheng in consideration. King Mu made a formal visit to Yellow Emperor＇s palace in the Kunlun Mountains, and that could be taken as a return of early jade culture. From the period which God is the sovereign to the period taking the king as sovereign, there were great alternation could not be accomplished at one stroke. The period of King Zhao and Mu is the establishment period of the ritual and music culture. At the same time, it is the alternating period of new and old culture. In the coexistence, people can clearly see the stage characteristics of transformation in Western Zhou Dynasty. The final establishment of the ritual jade culture is based on comprehensive summary of wizard jade culture. King Mu＇ s seeking of jade and the support from witch implied the purpose to make the kingship sacred.