从个别到全面:完善非法证据排除规则的本土道路

Perfection of the Illegal Evidence Exclusion Rules in Native Conditions——From the Specific to the Comprehensive

2012年刑事诉讼法基本确立了非法证据排除规则,这是从国家法律层面认可程序独立价值的一个重要体现,不仅是对过往司法经验与实践的总结,更加体现了诉讼观念的转变。即使在美国,非法证据排除规则的外延也在随着社会情势的变化而不断变化,近年来出现了保守趋向。中国与美国的法律文化、历史背景的差异显著,在引进该项制度时就更需斟酌。最主要的,基于震慑警察非法行为而确立的美国非法证据排除规则制度逻辑基本可以概括为"从全面排除到个别例外",而基于国情,中国相应规则的设立应该会走一条"从个别例外到相对全面排除"的路径。

In the year of 2012, ＂Illegal Evidence Exclusion Rules＂ was established in Criminal Procedure Law, which supposed to be a crucial embodiment of the independent value of process approved at the level of national laws. Not only considered as a summary of previous judicial experience and practice, it also reflects the shifting attitudes in litigation idea. Even in the U. S, the extension of the exclusionary rules which tended to be more conservative in recent years is still following the social conditions. In view of the significant differences between China and the U. S in the field of legal culture and historical backgrounds, being more prudent commence to be necessary on the introduction of said exclusionary rule. This article shows that the logic of the illegal evidence exclusionary rule, which was established to deter illegal police behavior, can be generally summarized as ＂from total exclusion to individual exception＂ . However, the establishment of the corre- sponding rules in China should take a path of ＂from few exceptions to relatively comprehensive exclusion＂ based on our national conditions.