明代北部边防对明代军事与经济的影响

Ming Dynasty Northern Border Defense's Influence of Its Military and Economy

明王朝为防备蒙古贵族而有九边军镇的形成,边防压力对明代的军事与经济产生了巨大的影响。对明代军事的影响首先是卫所制的崩溃与募兵制的出现,其后又有军事家丁制度的形成与发展,这都是历史发展的必然选择;其次是在武职系统外,为控制边将而设有文职系统和宦官系统加以监军;对军队风气的影响则是形成边军将骄兵惰的局面。对经济的影响主要是巨额军费给财政造成的压力,军饷供应成为政府的沉重负担;还有就是由边防甚重所造成的北方重役,表现为北方兵役的沉重、起运粮料的重担以及杂役繁多。这些影响既波及政治、经济、军事、文化等各个领域,又与整个明朝相始终,值得我们认真研究。

Border defense pressure has a huge influence to military and economy in Ming Dynasty. The nine frontier fortification was formed in order to guard against Mongolian aristocrats. For military, the first is the collapse of garrison system and the emergence of the mercenary system, and then the formation and development of military servant system. All these are the inevitable choice of historical development. Second, outside the military officer system, the civil service officer system and eunuch system were set up to monitor military. Its outcome is that the frontier arms are arrogant. For economy, the main influence is the huge military expenditure, so the soldier＇s pay and provisions become the heavy burden of government. In addition, the heavy service in north is very critical caused by border service, which are showed as heavy military service, the burden of army provisions shipment and much fatigue things. These influences not only spread to many other fields like political, economic, military, culture and so on, but also accompany with the whole Ming Dynasty. So it is worthy of our careful research.