对存在难题的尝试解答

An Attempt to Resolve the Dilemma of Existence

"存在难题"指的是所有肯定的存在语句都是永真的,所有否定的存在语句都是自相矛盾的。首先区分两种"存在"谓词,并指出只有当"存在"谓述个体的时候才会出现存在难题,造成难题的原因并不在于"存在"是逻辑谓词,而是因为预设了所有被谓述的东西必须存在。通过论证解答存在难题,不应该将"存在"处理为与可能世界相关的特殊谓词,也不需要否认"存在"是逻辑谓词,而仅仅需要区分对象在论域中的出现和存在。真正不是逻辑谓词的是"出现",而非"存在"。

＂The dilemma of existence＂ means that all positive existential sentences are tautologies and all negative existential sentences are self-contradictory. Firstly, I distinguish two kinds of predicates of ＂exist（s）＂, and point out that the dilemma occurs, only when ＂exists＂ is predicated of particulars. Then I show that what has caused this is not that ＂exist（s）＂ is a logical predicate but the presupposition that anything being predicated of must exists. It is also argued that to resolve the dilemma should not be to treat ＂exist（s）＂ as the predicate rel- ative to possible worlds or to deny that it is logical predicate, but only need to distinguish objects＇ occurrence in the domain from their existence. It is actually ＂occur（s）＂ rather than ＂exist（s）＂ that is not logical predicate.