从程序法定主义到程序人文主义——法国民事诉讼法典的发展述评

From Procedural Legalism to Procedural Humanism——A Review of the Development of the French Civil Procedural Codex

如果说1806年法国民事诉讼法典是一部实践技术法典,1975年法国民事诉讼法典则是一部诉讼艺术法典。1806年法典的立法者受当时诉讼理论空白的局限,忽略了对诉讼基本原则和一般规定的制定,仅为抵御法官裁量恣意制定一系列枯燥和复杂的程序规则,造成法典的法定主义和形式主义特征。1975年法典制定时,诉讼法学已处于成熟阶段。立法者在法典开篇之处规定了民事诉讼的基本原则,并且引入程序合作主义理念,改变了诉讼程序中传统的自由决斗性质,而将诉讼定义为法官和各方当事人共同合作寻求纠纷解决的领域。从20世纪末开始,法国民事诉讼法典的发展则更为强调追求纠纷的人性化解决,倡导当事人参与纠纷解决,鼓励他们基于合意寻求纠纷的协商解决,由此形成法典的新特征——程序人文主义。

If the 1806 French Civil Procedural Codex is a Codex of practical techniques,the 1975 French Civil Procedural Codex is a Codex of procedural art.By the limitations of procedural theory,the legislators of the 1806 Codex ignore the formulation of basic procedural principles and general provisions.For resisting the judges arbitrary discretion,the legislators set a series of boring and complicated procedural rules,resulting in legalism and formalism in the 1806 Codex.The 1975 Codex is enacted during a mature stage of procedural theory.The legislators of the 1975 Codex set basic procedural principles in the first chapter.They introduce a new concept of procedural cooperation that has changed the traditional nature of free duel in the proceedings,and the procedure is defined as a field where the judge and the parties work together to seek dispute resolution.From the end of the 20th century,the contemporary procedural civil law puts more emphasis on the pursuit of a humane disputes solution,advocates the participation of the concerned parties and encourages them to seek a desirable dispute solution,thus resulting in a new feature of the Codex procedural humanism.