油稻轮作下有机无机肥配施对作物产量及氮磷流失的影响

Effects of Integrated Fertilization with Commercial Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilizers on Plant Yields and the Loss of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Runoff in Rape-Rice Rotation System

通过油稻轮作田间试验,研究了等养分条件下4种施肥处理对作物产量、地表径流N、P流失浓度和流失量及其对环境的影响。试验设4个处理,即:化肥(CF)、化肥+低量有机肥(OC1)、化肥+中量有机肥(OC2)、化肥+高量有机肥(OC3)。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,有机无机肥配施处理在满足作物养分需求,保持相对较高的产量水平基础上,能显著或明显减少农田径流水铵态N、硝态N和全P的流失浓度和流失量,尤以中、高量有机肥处理效果最显著;各处理径流液全N浓度范围在0.60～27.89mg/L,总P浓度范围在0.059～0.353mg/L,均大于富营养化水体标准,污染周边水环境;N流失指数明显高于P,且硝态N是N流失的主要形式;中高量有机肥与化肥配合施用能够保证作物产量,并能有效降低N、P的径流流失,为适宜该地区油稻轮作的合理施肥制度。

A field study was carried out focusing on crop yield and loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from runoff in rape-rice rotation system. The experiment was conducted with four fertilizer treatments as chemical fertilizers （ CF）, chemical fertilizers ＋ lower rate of organic manure （ OC1 ） , chemical fertilizers ＋ medium rate of organic manure （OC2） ,and chemical fertilizers ＋ high rate of organic manure （OC3） with the equal doses of N, P203, and K20. The results indicated that integrated fertilization with chemical fertilizers and commercial organic manure could en- sure high crop yield and effectively minimize loss of N and P, compared with only chemical treatment. Total concen- trations of N and P in runoff were respectively at the range of 0.60 to 27.89rag/L,0. 059 to 0. 353mg/L, greater than the eutrophic water standard, and it would result in the water environment pollution. Ratios of N losses to N supply was higher than ratios of P, nitrate was the main form of N loss in runoff. Organic fertilizer combined with medium and higher rate of organic manure treatments could ensure a stable yield and reduce the loss of N and P to the environment, suggesting that an effective manner of fertilization for sustainable agriculture is proposed.