俄罗斯高等教育体制变革:“自由主义”与“保守主义”的融合

Reform of Russian Higher Education System: Fusion of Liberalism and Conservatism

俄罗斯独立后,开始了经济、政治、社会转型,其高等教育为适应市场经济、应对全球化挑战,进行了一系列面向市场的、带有"自由主义"倾向的变革。然而这种变革并没有带来预想中教育的自由和繁荣,反而因政府财政拨款不足、监督管理不力导致教育质量下降,高校过度受制于市场而陷入新的"不自主"。经过短暂的振荡后又出现一定程度"国家化"的回归趋势。这一方面是政治体制变革和社会思潮路标转换在教育领域的投射,同时体现了作为文化载体和文明传承的高等教育所独有的精神特质。无论在办学主体、管理体制、财政拨款,还是在招生考试及国际合作等领域,俄罗斯高等教育都体现出了"自由主义"与"保守主义"的兼收与融合,在保守中前进成为高等教育改革的风向标。

@@@@After Russia proclaimed independence, it began to carry out an economic, political and social transformation. It also had a series of reforms towards market and with liberalist inclination on its higher education for which to fit in with the needs of market economy and deal with the challenge of globalism. However, the reforms did not bring about an educational liberty and prosperity as anticipated, but a decline in educational quality instead, because of not enough financial allocations and a slack supervision. The institutions of higher learning were over restricted by market and involved in a new kind of not acting on their own. After a short period of vibration, there was a certain regression tendency of nationalization in the higher education of Russia. This was a projection of the reforms of political system and the changes of social ideological trend and this also reflected the unique spiritual essence of higher education which acted as a cultural carrier and a civilization propagator. The higher education of Russia incarnated the fusion of liberalism and conservatism either in the main body of running school, administrative system, financial allocations or in the fields of entrance exams and international cooperation. Advance in a conservative way became a wind vane of its higher education reforms.