美国和加拿大水利工程生态调度管理研究及对中国的借鉴

Ecological Regulation of Hydraulic Engineering Projects in USA and Canada and Its Reference for China

对美国和加拿大的水利工程生态调度管理框架和管理模式进行了系统分析。就间接(宏观)管理而言,美国和加拿大的生态调度从取水的许可证管理、保留水权的建立、水质标准、濒危物种保护和环境流量设置等方面进行管理;而在直接管理方面,主要包括对联邦水利工程的《濒危物种法》(ESA)符合性审查和非联邦水电站(5MW以上)的联邦能源管理委员会(FERC)的许可管理。通过分析中国水利工程生态调度管理中存在的问题,指出中国水利工程生态调度的体制和机制尚未有效建立,从明确生态需求、确定生态调度实施战略、加强基础研究工作以及建立和完善管理体制等方面,提出了加强中国生态调度管理的建议。在逐步建立流域生态调度管理体制的基础上,指出从生态补偿机制、参与协商机制、信息共享机制和监测反馈机制等方面建立和创新水利工程生态调度运行机制。

Systematic analysis was done of the management frameworks and models of ecological regulation of hydraulic engineering projects in USA and Canada. In terms of indirect （macro） management, the USA and Canada exercise ecolog- ical regulation through management of water licensing, establishment of reserved water rights, setting-up of water quality standards, protection of endangered species and prescription of environmental flow. However, their direct management in- eludes mainly, ESA （Endangered Species Act） compliance review of federal hydraulic engineering projects, and licensing management of non-federal hydraulic power stations （ above 5 MW ） by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission （FERC）. Analysis of the problems existing in ecological regulation and management of hydraulic projects in China reveals that China has not yet had any effectively established ecological regulation management system and mechanism effectively established. It is, hence, suggested that ecological regulation and management in China be intensified through specifying ecological demands, determining strategies for implementing ecological regulation; strengthening basic research in this as- pect and consummating the management system. With a watershed ecological regulation and management system being gradually set up, operating mechanism for ecological regulation of hydraulic projects could be established and created through establishment of the mechanisms for ecological compensation, participatory negotiation, information sharing, and monitoring and feedback etc.