摘要
10—19世纪的中国知识界将琐罗亚斯德教及其变种祆教、基督教东方教会(旧称涅斯托利教派)和摩尼教混为一谈,与此同时,欧洲基督教对不同的异教也混淆不清。摩尼承认一系列先知,把婆罗门教先知、琐罗亚斯德、佛陀和耶稣视为自己的先驱。因此摩尼教徒对婆罗门教、琐罗亚斯德教、佛教、基督教和本教的区别很清楚。吐鲁番出土摩尼教回鹘文文书声称摩尼在四佛之后降生。吐鲁番出土的摩尼教绘画中有五个先知的画像,以释迦牟尼居于右上方,以耶稣居于右下方。宋人传说白居易曾有"五佛继光明"之句,但将明教五佛与《金刚经》五佛相混淆。通过对霞浦文书的研究,现在我们知道,明教徒崇拜的五佛是:一佛那罗延,出自婆罗门教;二佛苏路支,即琐罗亚斯德;三佛释迦文,即佛陀;四佛夷数,即耶稣;五佛摩尼,即最后光明使。中世纪知识界中的混淆,却在不经意间于中国民间宗教文书中得以澄清。
The Chinese intelligentsia from 10-19th century confused Zoroastrianism and its variant—Xian religion,the Church of the East(also known as Nestorian Church) and Manichaeism.At the same time Christian church also confused with different heathenisms.Mani asserted the seriality of prophets and preferred prophets of Brahmanism,Zoroaster,Buddha and Jesus as his predecessors.Therefore Manicheans distinguished Brahmanism,Zoroastrianism,Buddhism,Christianity and itself very clearly.Manichaean Uighur documents from Turfan already said that Mani descended after four Buddhas.Manichaean paintings from Turfan pictured five prophets with S ' ākyamuni at the upper right and Jesus at the lower right of the scene.Through the study of Xiapu documents we now know that Five Buddhas worshiped by the followers of Religion of Light: the first Naluoyan,i.e.Nārāyana from Brahmanism,the second Suluzhi,i.e.S ' ākyamuni,the fourth Yishu i.e.Zoroaster,the third Shijiawen i.e.Jesus;they are all forerunners of Mani.And the fifth Buddha is Mani,i.e.the last envoy of light.The knowledge of the difference of the five religions was lost in the middle age intelligentsia,but was kept in the Chinese popular religious documents.
出处
《复旦学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2013年第3期100-114,共15页
Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）
