中国古代基层社会权威体系及其博弈

On the Ancient Chinese Grassroots Social Authority System and Game

中国古代社会在专制的大背景之下,基层社会还存在着一种特殊的治理模式,即通过国家公权力与民间权威的博弈来实现社会秩序的维系。总体来讲,中国传统社会中存在两种力量,一种自然是代表国家的官府,另一种即是民间力量,习惯上把他们称为乡土精英。国家力量对基层社会的直接控制在历代以及一代的不同时期,其范围与程度都是不断变化的,但国家公权通过对民间权威的"借用"却是始终存在的。这种间接统治的中介力量就是民间权威,其中主要是士绅和宗族。民间力量在为国家力量所用的同时,也获得权力,在家国同构的大背景下,其所引领和推行的民间规则得到了国家的承认,成为基层社会治理链条中的重要一环。

In the great authoritarian background of ancient Chinese society,there was still a special ruling mode for the grassroots society which was maintained by the gaming of national public rights and civil authority. Generally speaking,there are two types of power in the traditional Chinese society. One represents the government ; and the other represents the civil power which was usually referred as the countryside elite. The control of the national power on the grassroots society was always changing in different dynasties or even in different stages of one period. However, the borrowing of national power from the civil authority was always there. And the indirect intermediate ruling power was civil authority, namely the cult or intelligent. The civil society also gained power while it is used by the government. And the concerning civil rules were recognized by the government which in turn became the pivotal link of social management chain.