《诗经》弃妇诗与逐臣诗的文化关联

The Basic Form of the Poems About Deserted Wives in the Book of Songs and Their Cultural Relevance to the Poems About Expelled Courtiers

《诗经》中的弃妇诗虽然在婚姻形态、人物特点以及所反映的被弃过程等方面不无差异,但在表现婚姻生活中妇人因难以把握自我命运而被弃一点上,却是相同相通的;由此形成男性占有绝对的主导地位、因好色而喜新厌旧以及第三者为争夺一己利益进谗蛊惑等主要特点。这些特点也程度不同地表现在与之类同的弃子、逐臣诗中,一定情况下,妻的身份可以置换为臣、子,夫的身份也可以略同于君、父;夫妻、父子、君臣间类似角色的互通互换,既形成上古文化中的异体同构现象,也导致春秋时代解读弃妇诗时借夫妻以喻君臣、由本义向象征义作多元引申的阐释方式。至于此后屈原在骚体逐臣诗《离骚》中"依《诗》取兴,引类譬喻",借男女以喻君臣,借弃妇以喻逐臣,则不仅构成了一个更为丰富多元的象征系统,而且拓展了弃妇诗的指称范围,深化了逐臣诗的意义内涵。

There are some differences between different poems about deserted wives in the Book of Songs in such respects as their marital status, their characteristics and their experiences of being abandoned, but it is all the same in that these wives were often abandoned owing to their inability to hold their own fates in their marital lives. Therefore, the main features of the poems about deserted wives consist in mens＇ s absolute dominance, their fickleness in affection because of their lust for women, and the marriage wreckers＇ s malicious false accusation for their self-interest. The characteristics mentioned above are also found in the poems about abandoned children and expelled courtiers. In some cases, the identities of children or courtiers could replace those of wives, while the identities of husbands were slightly equivalent to those of fathers or monarchs. Such similar role replacements between husband and wife, father and son, monarch and his courtiers brought about the phenomenon of allogeneic isomorphism in the culture of ancient times and led to the formation of a means of interpretation that used the relationship between monarch and his courtiers as a metaphor for the relationship between husband and wife, and extended from original meaning to symbolic meaning in a variety of ways, when interpreting the poems about deserted wives in the Spring and Autumn Periods. Subsequently, in Lisao （《离骚》）, a ＂Sao-style （骚体）＂ poem about expelled courtiers, Qu Yuan used a lot of metaphors imitating the ways in the Book of Songs. He used man and woman as a metaphor for monarch and courtier, and used deserted wives as a metaphor for expelled courtiers in this poem. These practices formed a richer symbolic system which expanded the range of reference in the poems about deserted wives, and deepened the connotation of the poems about expelled courtiers.