民族历史的权力：19-20世纪欧洲的民族历史编纂

The Power of National Pasts: Writing National History in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Europe

民族主义发端于中世纪欧洲。民族归属感的比喻可回溯到中世纪和近代早期。现代民族与前现代时期的民族截然不同。18世纪后半叶,制度化和职业化的历史研究出现,科学的历史学兴起。历史学家成为民族叙述发展的重要因素。19世纪,浪漫主义的民族历史编纂学在欧洲各地崛起。语言、历史和文化被用来论证民族的特殊性。1850—1950年,民族历史编纂是欧洲历史编纂的主导形式。历史学家排斥或调和宗教、阶级和种族因素对民族历史的侵蚀,维护民族叙述的统一性。二战中的战争、占领与大屠杀导致欧洲各国的民族历史经历重新审视。战后,历史编纂学日益多元化,各种思潮不断考验民族历史框架,把认同与历史重新民族化的尝试随之产生。21世纪初,欧洲历史学家期待欧洲化、全球化的历史编纂,但民族的历史编纂框架仍然具有活力。

Nationalism originated from Europe in the middle age.The metaphor of national identity could be tracked back to the middle age and early modern.However,the modern nation was absolutely different from the nation before modern time.When historiography with institutionalization and professionalization appeared in the second half of 18th century,the scientific historiography sprang up.As a result,historians had become one of major fac tors in the development of national narratives.In the next century,the national historiography based on romanti cism spread over Europe and it was language,history and culture that had been convinced the characteristics of nation.Such national historiography had been the major form in European history writing.Historians became therefore the defenders of the unity of national history and national historical narratives to fight against any en deavors of conciliations in religion,class and race.But the wars,occupation and holocaust in WWII forced eventually European historians to reconsider their own national experiences.Historiography became more plural istic than before and the narrative structure of national history writing has been challenged by kinds of new ideas,but meantime,renationalization of identity and past still existed.Now in the beginning of 21th century,the traditional national structure of historiography continues to be attractive,although many European historians are looking forward to some new history writings from the perspectives of Europeanization and globalization.