移动的边界:比较文学的百年学科发展定位

How Determining the Movable Boundary of Comparative Literature Studies in the Last Century

比较文学是20世纪新生的一种跨越民族、语言、国家和文化边界的文学研究。在比较文学一百多年的学科发展史上,"跨越"是比较文学学科扩张的一个显著标签,既包括比较文学发展早期对于语言、民族、国家边界的跨越,也包括其后发展过程中对于文学边界的跨越。与之伴生的是比较文学的"危机",其核心是如何科学地定位比较文学学科的研究对象和研究方法。而解决比较文学的危机之道,则是比较文学研究范式及发展方向的"转向",其中两次重大的转向就是从早先的文学史研究转向诗学研究,以及自20世纪90年代出现的由比较文学研究转向比较文化研究。"跨越"—"危机"—"转向"构成了比较文学百年学科发展的中心线索,其揭示的比较文学学科边界的移动性质,在给我们当下判断比较文学与比较文化的激烈论争带来了困难的同时,也无疑为我们理性地看待比较文学未来学科发展走向,提供了可资借鉴的启示。

Comparative literature was born in the early 20th century which researches the literatures spanning the boundaries of nations,languages and cultures.In the last century,‘spanning’ is a clear label of the discipline expansion,accompanied with its crisis,which core is how to determine the discipline position of comparative literature about its object studied and methodology.The way to settle the crisis is to turn the model and direc tion of its development,and actually two of which were done from the early studies of literature history to those of poetry,and from the comparative literature to the comparative culture in 1990s.So,spanning,crisis and turn ing compose the main line in the development of comparative literature studies in the last century.