唯物史观思想两次重要表述比较研究

A Comparative Study of Two Important Expressions of Historical Materialism

马克思、恩格斯对唯物史观做过两次比较集中的阐述:一次是1859年《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》,另一次是《德意志意识形态》。一百多年来,前者被唯物史观的支持者和反对者普遍视为唯物史观的"经典表述",后者则很少有人提及。实际上,前者表述的并不是马克思、恩格斯的哲学唯物史观。只是由于1859年的表述用语更成熟、更准确、写作时间更靠后,且《德意志意识形态》直到1932年才公开出版,才造成了人们的这种误解。《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》表述的是1845年春天以前马克思、恩格斯尚未成熟的思想,他们对唯物主义历史观的全面的、哲学高度的表述则是在《德意志意识形态》中。这里的表述思想是成熟的,但是用语、概念是不成熟的。建构唯物史观的经典表述是一项有待完成的任务。

Marx and Engels have two important expressions of historical materialism. One expression is from the preface of Critique of Political Economy while the other is stated in The German Ideology. The former expression has been regarded as the classical expression of historical materialism and the latter is rarely mentioned. As a matter of fact, the former cannot demonstrate Marx and Engels＇ historical materialism. There are two reasons for people＇s misunderstanding of the two expressions. The first reason is that the wording of the preface of Critique of Political Economy is more mature and accurate, and it was written later than The German Ideology. The fact that The German Ideology was not published until 1932 explains the second reason. The preface of Critique of Political Economy expresses Marx and Engels＇ immature thought before the spring of 1845. Their comprehensive and philosophical expression of historical materialism is stated in The German Ideology.