演化心理学对《1844年经济学-哲学手稿》之“异化”观的“祛魅”

The Disenchantment of "Alienation" in Marx's Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 from the Perspective of Evolutionary Psychology

按照演化心理学的观点,现代智人的心智结构在采集-狩猎时代就已基本定型,并通过遗传方式从那个时期延续到了现代工业社会。因此,社会演化对于人类心智结构的后天修正作用不可被过分高估,因为这些后天因素始终会受到先天因素的牵制。按照这一观点,马克思的《1844年经济学—哲学手稿》中的"异化"观就完全可以得到一种全新的解读。按照这种新解读,马克思所描述的异化现象实为从采集-狩猎时代演化而来的智人大脑在突然面临工业文明的新环境时所产生的种种心理不适症,因此,资本主义社会的阶级压迫给劳工所造就的痛苦,实为现代工业文明的信息流程在强制性改造人类大脑固有信息流程时给后者带来的心理焦虑。而对于异化现实的克服,就要求我们重新构造出一个能够使之适应智人原始心理架构的、友好的新环境(但同时尽力保留资本主义工业文明的一切积极成果)。

Evolutionary psychology is an interdisciplinary research which seeks to identify varieties of human psychological traits as evolved adaptations to hunting-and-gathering environment, and it claims that modern human beings living in the industrial society genetically inherit these traits from their pre- historic ancestors. Hence, their acquired habits from the society have always been constrained by innate architecture of mind which is genetically installed in the brain. This scientific hypothesis may offer us a new perspective for reconstructing Marx＇ s theory of alienation in his Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. When viewed from this point of view, most psychological or sociological phenomena with respect to ＂alienation＂ can be read as abnormalities or dysfunctions of ＂primitive minds＂ which do not function in a manner adaptive to modern industrial society that they are wrongly expected to live with. Hence, any feasible proposal for ＂sublating＂ alienation should involve a systematic rebuilding of the current industrial environment in order to make it more friendly to ＂primitive minds＂, but without the cost of globally abandoning modern civilization. Therefore, Marx＇ s principle of ＂communism＂ has to be re-interpreted as a label attached to any treatment of the foregoing psychological abnormalities rather as a description of an idealized social stage that capitalism or socialism is expected to evolve into.