基于自然的育化:道家无为而圣与逍遥以游

Cultivation Based on Nature:Inaction and Holy and Happy Excursion of Taoism

关注人格是中国思想史的一个显著特点,因儒家正统观念的长期影响,道家人格育化思想经常被忽视,甚至被否定。在现实历史中,一部分中国人一直遵循道家思想的基本原则,在与儒、佛思想的竞争融合和互补吸收中构建了完整独特的育化体系。"自然"是道的本性和特征,"自然而然"是道家的实践原则和要求,这既是道家人格理论的哲学发端和理论基础,也是道家人格育化的实践指南和价值标准,深刻蕴含在老子"无为而无不为"的"圣人之治"理想和庄子"安时处顺"、"逍遥游"的追求之中。"圣人之治"要求"被褐怀玉"的圣人身国共治,推天道、行人道,"处无为之事,行不言之教",引导世人抱朴守道而自化、自正、自富、自朴,回归"鸡犬之声相闻,民至老死不相往来"的理想家园。庄子在"至德之世"、"建德之国"理想难以实现的无奈中,渴望真人超然出世,"游乎尘垢之外"而无待、无用,在"天地与我并生,而万物与我一"的境界中"逍遥乎无为之业"。

Paying close attention to personality is an obvious character in Chinese history of thought. Taoism＇s personality-cultivating thought is often neglected, even negated due to a long-time influence of Confucian＇s traditional concept. In the practical history, some Chinese have been following the Taoism＇s personality-cultivating proposal, competing and blending with the Confucian＇s thought to build an integral unique cultivation system. Nature is Tao＇s foundation and character, therefore it is Taoism＇s practical principle and requirement, which is not only the philosophical starting-point and theoretical foundation of Taoism＇ s personality theory, but also the practical guidance and value standard of Taoism＇ s personality cultivation, and includes in the idea of Laozi＇ s sage-governing of ＂inaction, then nothing cannot be done by it＂ and Zhuangzi＇ s pursuit of ＂complying with natural development law＂ and ＂happy excursion＂. ＂Sage-governing＂ requires ＂the poor but talented＂ sage＇s co-governing of the country, promoting the way of heaven, walking the path of human, ＂dealing with actionless matter and carrying on wordless teaching＂, guiding people to keep the virtue for the selfcultivation, self-correction, self-enriching, self-simplification, and returning to the ideal home of ＂neighboring people always do not exchange＂. Realizing the dream of ＂Eden world＂ hardly came true, and longing for the advent of the idealized human beings was useless, Zhuangzi seems to be content with his inaction philosophy in the concept of ＂coming into being with the heaven and earth, I am in one with nature＇