秸秆还田与覆膜对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育的影响

Effects of Stalk Returned to the Field and Film Mulching on the Soil Physical and Chemical Characteristics and the Maize Growth

试验研究秸秆还田对不同覆膜时期的全膜双垄沟播玉米生长发育与土壤理化特性的影响。结果表明,经秸秆还田后全膜双垄沟播耕层土壤养分含量变化依次表现为整株还田>秸秆粉碎>免耕留茬,不同覆膜时间对土壤养分变化影响不明显;秸秆还田土壤容重明显降低但免耕留茬一膜两年用处理土壤容重增大。在玉米生育前期经秸秆还田后的土壤温度与水分均显著低于对照,其株高、茎粗与叶面积均小于对照;在玉米生育后期秸秆腐解后对土壤水分起到一个补偿效应。玉米产量表现为秋覆膜整株秸秆还田>顶凌覆膜整株秸秆还田>秋覆膜秸秆粉碎还田>顶凌覆膜秸秆粉碎还田>免耕留茬一膜两年用,秸秆还田后玉米产量较对照有增产趋势,而免耕留茬一膜两年用有减产倾向,但处理间差异不显著。

The influence of stalk returned to the field on the maize growth and the soil physical and chemical characteristics was studied, by the whole plant maize stalk returning, the stalk smash to return field and no-tillage with maize stubble. The results showed that the soil nutrient contents change the performance for the whole plant maize stalk returning 〉 the stalk smash to return field 〉 no-tillage with maize stubble, the change of soil nutrient was not significant with different covering time; the soil bulk density was decreased significantly after the straw returned to the field, but no-tillage with maize stubble and one film be two years used to plant maize with soil bulk density was increased. When the straw returned to the field on the soil moisture and the temperature were significantly lower com- pared with control in the former stage of maize growth, and affected for the plant height, stem diameter and leaf area were less than control, in the late period of maize growth the straw decomposition on the soil moisture played a com- pensation effect. The change of maize production the performance for the autumn mulched and whole plant straw re- turned 〉 the early spring mulched and whole plant straw returned 〉 the autumn mulched and stalk smash to return field 〉 the early spring and stalk smash to return field 〉 no-tillage with maize stubble and one film be two years used, the maize yield is the trend of increase than control, but to the contrary under no-tillage with maize stubble and one film be two years used of maize yield and the difference between treatment no significant compared with control.