新疆阜康绿洲不同生境土壤动物群落多样性及其季节动态

Community diversity and its seasonal dynamics of soil fauna in Fukang oasis of Xinjiang, Northwest China

为了查明阜康绿洲不同生境土壤动物群落多样性特征及其变化动态,2010年4、7、9及11月中旬分别以该绿洲的用材林、防护林、苗圃、耕地、盐碱地、灌木林及荒草地生境为研究对象,采用手捡法、改良干漏斗法和湿漏斗法分离0～20cm土层中的土壤动物,并分析了不同生境土壤动物的群落结构、分布特征及季节动态。共获得土壤动物11098只,共35类,其中线虫类、轮虫类和弹尾类为优势类群。在7种不同生境土壤动物类群、个体数和多样性以及不同季节之间均存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中Shannon多样性指数依次为用材林>防护林>灌木林>耕地>盐碱地>苗圃>荒草地;时空分布调查发现,不同生境土壤动物群落分布具有明显的表聚性特征,并在不同土层及季节间均有显著性差异(P<0.05),季节动态变化依次为秋季最多、其次春季和冬季,夏季最少;不同生境土壤动物群落间的Jac-card相似性指数属于中等不相似(处于0.25～0.50)。不同生境组间聚类和排序结果表明,将7种不同生境分为人工林生境型、人为干扰生境型、灌木生境型及荒漠生境型4大类型。结果表明,阜康绿洲不同生境土壤动物群落组成和多样性具有明显的生境和季节差异特征。

In order to understand the community diversity and its dynamic changes of soil fauna in different habitats of Fukang oasis, a field investigation was conducted in April, July, Septem- ber, and mid November, 2010. Seven different habitats including timber forest, shelter forest, nursery, cropland, saline-alkaline land, shrub land, and desert grassland were chosen, and hand-sorting and modified Tullgren and Baermann methods were adopted to isolate the soil fauna in 0-20 cm layer, with the community structure, distribution characteristics, and seasonal dy- namics of soil fauna analyzed. A total of 11098 individuals were collected, belonging to 35 groups, among which, Nematoda, Rotifera, and Collembola were the dominant groups. There existed significant differences in the individual number, group number, and community diversity of soil fauna among different habitats and seasons （ P〈0.05 ）. In the seven habitats, the Shannon diversity index was in the order of timber forest 〉 shelter forest 〉 shrub land 〉 cropland 〉 saline- alkaline land 〉 nursery 〉 desert grassland. The spatiotemporal distribution analysis of soil fauna in different habitats indicated that there was an obvious surface gathering, and the distribution had significant differences among seasons and soil layers （ P〈0.05 ）. The individual number was the largest in autumn, followed by in spring and winter, and the least in summer. The Jaccard similarity index of the soil faunal communities in different habitats was 0.25-0.50, belonging to medium dissimilarity. The results of the between-groups clustering and sorting showed that the seven habitats could be divided into four types, i. e. , artificial forest habitat, anthropogenic dis- turbance habitat, shrub habitat, and desert habitat. These findings suggested that there existed obvious habitat- and seasonal differences in in different habitats of Fukang oasis. the community composition and diversity of soil fauna