汉语“上/下”时间概念系统的认知研究

Cognitive Study on Chinese Time Conceptual System of“Shang-Xia”

汉语"上/下"时间概念系统存在一种隐喻模式,该模式包含四种时间系统结构。通过对"上/下"的词典语义、词组以及真实语料进行统计分析,得出:从古到今,"上"的时间隐喻语义在该词语义结构中的地位有下降的趋势,而"下"的时间隐喻语义的地位变化不大。"上/下"四种时间结构的构词能力由强到弱依次排列为:射线型、分段型、点状型以及线段型。与古代汉语相比,现代汉语中"上"的线段型时间结构的使用频率增幅较大,"下"的点状型时间结构的使用频率也有很大的增加,并且"上"和"下"的各种时间系统结构的使用比例不对称。

In Chinese, there is a metaphor mode in the time conceptual system of ＂shang xia＂, which includes four kinds of systematic structures. By means of analyzing meanings in dictionaries, phrases and corpora in reality, this paper has revealed some characteristics of this time conceptual system. From ancient times to the present, the status of the metaphorical meanings referring to the time has got a trend of decline in the meaning cognitive struc ture of ＂shang＂, however, as for ＂xia＂, its status of the metaphorical meaning referring to the time has stabilized in the meaning cognitive structure. In four kinds of systematic structures of ＂shang-xia＂, the descending order of the word-formation ability of these structures is： ＂ray of time＂, ＂subsection of time＂, ＂point of time＂ and ＂time period＂. Compared with ancient Chinese language, the frequency in using ＂time period＂ of ＂shang＂ has increased greatly, and the frequency in using ＂point of time＂ of ＂xia＂ has also increased enormously, in the meanwhile, four kinds of time systematic structures of ＂shang＂ and ＂xia＂ are used in a dissymmetry way.