清代科举宾兴文献综论

A Summary Review of Historical Documents on Imperial Examination“Binxing”in Qing Dynasty

宾兴是明清时期专门为参加科举考试的考生提供免费资助的地域性助考公益基金。从文献记载情况来看,地方志、宾兴专志、个人文集笔记等是最主要的宾兴研究资料。地方志中,宾兴史料一般被刊载于学校志、典礼志、建置志、艺文志及部分人物传记中;记述除宾兴志、宾兴征信录外,还包括各种不同命名的专门记载宾兴的史籍;个人文集、笔记则往往收录个人参与创设宾兴的各类记述性文章。研究宾兴的历史,应尽可能结合这三种史料进行全方位的考察。

'Binxing'refers to regional public interest examination-supporting funds in the Ming and Qing Dynasty that specifically provides free donations to examinees taking part in the Imperial Examination.From information recorded in historical documents,reference materials for research in'Binxing'mainly include local records,special records on'Binxing',and personal notes and collected works.In local records,historical reference materials on'Binxing'are generally published School Records,Ceremony Records,Establishment Records,Arts and Literature Records,and some of the biographies;the recordings,apart from Binxing Records and Binxing Creditability Records,also include historical documents in various names with specific records of'Binxing';while personal notes and collected works often include various articles recording personal involvement in the creation of 'Binxing'.In research of'Binxing'history,we should conduct all-dimensional investigations to combine the three kinds of historical documents as far as possible.