“水利社会”的形成——以明清时期江汉平原的围垸为中心

The Making of Water Community in the Traditional China:Discussion around the ‘Enclosed Embankment' in Jianghan Plain during Ming-Qing Period

明清时期,江汉平原民众在垸堤修筑、维护、管理等一系列水利活动中,逐步建立起以协作互助为基础的社会关联;垸庙的功能不断扩展,逐步超越了"镇遏洪水,保障堤垸"的范围,发展成为垸内民众的信仰和祭祀中心;清前中期,江汉平原诸州县渐次推行按田归垸、按垸纳粮的做法,垸遂逐渐演变为官府征科赋役的基本地域单元;在清后期的社会动乱中,各州县以垸为单位组织团练,给垸赋予了"准行政区域"的意义。在江汉平原以围垸为中心的水利社会之形成过程中,"协作防洪"是促使人们通力协作的根本原因;官府以垸取代乡里作为赋役征科的基本单元,是垸得以稳定运行的制度性保障;乡绅豪强及其对垸内"公共事务"的经营,则是垸田区域社会关系网络得以有效运行的前提条件。

In Ming-Qing Period,the people living in Jianhan Plain had gradually established a cooperative society based on mutual aid association in the engaged in constructing,maintenance and managing the ' enclosed embankment' and others water conservancy.The ' Dyke Temple' continued to expand its functionality,gradually beyond the original function that may be summarized as ' preventing the flood,secreting embankment' and developed into the popular belief and worship center within the enclosed embankment.From early Qing,some counties gradually adopted new taxation measures that can be summarized as' calculated the number of field and collecting of land taxes based on the enclosed field' the enclosed field gradually evolutes of the basic geographical unit for official collecting land taxes.In the late Qing,the gentries living in the enclosed field,to organize the local army based on the enclosed field,and given the enclosed field to the meaning as ' quasi-administrative region' In the course of making of water community based on the enclosed embankment,' cooperating against floods' may be the root cause to promote people to cooperation,the enclosed field had been used as the basic geographical unit for collecting land taxes,may be the institutional protection for the enclosed field could stably operation,the local elites and their operating of local public affairs,may be the prerequisites for the water community able to effectively operating.