生活垃圾焚烧作业职业病危害风险控制措施及其优先顺序研究

Risk Control Measures and Related Priority for Occupational Hazards during Domestic Refuse Incineration

[目的]研究生活垃圾焚烧作业职业病危害风险控制措施并确定其优先顺序。[方法]参照世界卫生组织工作场所危害预防控制的优先等级和策略原则,通过工艺分析,确定生活垃圾焚烧的工艺单元、作业方式、职业病危害因素。通过危害风险控制措施分析,确定焚烧作业可采取的危害风险控制措施及其优先顺序。通过作业场所危害因素检测评估防护措施和优先顺序的适用性。[结果]根据生活垃圾焚烧的作业特点,可采取发生源控制措施包括危害消除、设备维护保养、湿式作业、防噪减振措施,播散途径控制措施包括密闭、隔离措施、局部通风、全室通风措施,工人层面的防护措施包括操作和组织措施、教育和培训措施、个体防护措施,其他控制措施包括布局措施、管理措施、警示标识措施。通过评估,上述措施的优先顺序为发生源控制、播散途径控制、工人层面防护,采取上述措施的同时需采取管理等其他控制措施。[结论]研究确定的职业病危害风险控制措施及其优先顺序可为生活垃圾焚烧行业的危害防护提供有针对性的参考。

[ Objective ] To study the risk control measures to occupational hazards and determine related priority in domestic refuse incineration. [ Methods ] According to the WHO＇s priorities and strategies of workplace hazards prevention and control, the operating units, operating methods, and occupational hazards were identified through analysis of the process of domestic refuse incineration. Control measures and priorities were determined after analyzing the characteristics of domestic refuse incineration and related occupational hazards. A workplace investigation was conducted to evaluate the applicability of determined control measures and related priorities. [ Results ] According to the characteristics of domestic refuse incineration, the measures that control hazard sources （including hazards elimination, equipment maintenance, wet method, and noise/vibration reduction） and transmission paths （including enclosure, isolation, local ventilation, and general ventilation） were identified. The prevention measures at individual level included the following aspects： operation and organization, education and training, and personal protection. Other measures focusing on lay-out, management, and warning signs were also identified. The priority order from high to low was source control, transmission path control, and individual level control, nevertheless other control measures such administrative supports should be implemented at the same time. [ Conclusion ] The determined risk control measures and their priorities provide reference for protection against occupational hazards of domestic refuse incineration.