诱致性制度变迁还是强制性制度变迁?——中国农村土地调整的制度演进及地区差异研究

Induced Institutional Change or Imposed Institutional Change? ——Institutional Change and Regional Difference of Land Reallocations in Rural China

土地调整是中国农村土地制度的重要特征。本文基于新制度经济学的制度变迁理论,应用1999—2010年5次17省调查数据,对中国农村土地调整的制度演进及地区差异进行实证分析。研究表明:中国农村土地调整的制度演进具有诱致性制度变迁的特征,地理条件、人均GDP、非农产业比例等资源禀赋和社会经济变量是显著影响因素;同时,中央"不得调地"的正式规则进一步决定了中国农地调整制度的演进方向,特别是中央正式规则的渐进性实施特征是导致不同地区出现"千差万别"的土地调整制度的重要原因。进行土地确权(如发放土地承包经营权证书等)有助于减少土地调整,增进地权稳定性。

Land reallocation is one of the most important characteristics of land tenure system in rural China. Based on the institutional change theory of NIE （ New Institutional Economics）, we analyze the institutional change and the regional difference of land reallocations in China with a unique longitudinal village survey data of 17 provinces from 1999 to 2010. We find econometric supports that the institutional change of land reallocations in rural China is of the characteristics of induced institutional change. The topography of villages, per capita GDP, and the ratio of non-agriculture products are significant factors deciding the institutional change of land reallocations. Then, the formal constraints of no land reallocation by central government and the gradual enforcement of the central policies result in the significant regional differences of land reallocations. Our results further suggest that the land titling will lead to less land reallocations and more secure land tenure.