从随葬工具的性别关联探讨中国新石器时代的性别分工

Discussion the Gender Division of Labor in the Neolithic Age of China from the Gender Association of the Tool Which Buried with the Dead

本文利用二项式分布假设检验方法对黄河流域从裴李岗到大汶口晚期和马厂期男女墓葬中随葬工具的种类和数量的变化进行了统计分析,以揭示劳动按性别分工的问题。这些墓葬的年代范围大致为公元前7000年至2000年之间,正是处于农业生产出现不久后的发展期。根据统计分析,可将随葬工具分为3类:(1)主要由男性使用的工具,(2)主要由女性使用的工具,(3)男女共同使用的工具,其中前两类可视为与性别相关的工具,并计算了每种性别关联型工具在各自遗址或墓地中所占的比例。结果表明,在这一时期中(1)社会劳动中性别分工的增强和细化(性别关联型劳动工具比例的增大和早期一些男女共用型工具晚期转化为主要系男性使用)和(2)男性在社会劳动中优势地位的完全确立(于大汶口晚期在性别关联型工具种类中,主要为男性使用的工具占绝大多数,而主要为女性使用的工具仅留下纺轮一种)。根据这一结果,简单讨论了母系氏族向父系氏族过渡的时间问题。

Evolution of the labour sharing divided by gender during the Chinese Neolithic Period is studied. Data are obtained from tools unearthed fi＇om single-occupant graves of known gender, and thirteen Neolithic sites or cemeteries time-ranged from the Peiligang Culture to the late Dawenkou and Machang Cultures. or from BC 7000 to BC 2000 are involved. The funeral tools are classified into 3 categories： I1 ） tools used mainly by males, （2） by females and （3） by both genders without preference. The two former categories are considered as gender related tools. The classification was can-led out according to the occurrence frequency of the tools between the male and female graves and the hypothesis test method based on binomial distribution was nsed for the classification. For each site or cemetery the ratio of the number of the gender related tools to the total number of tools of all categories and also the ratio of the number of the male related tools to that of the gender related tools were calculated. These two ratios, which can be considered as the proxies for the gender related labour division, rise from the Peiligang Culture to the early Dawenkou time and remain at the high level with small fluctuation ＇,ffterwards. We interpret this as evidence for an intensification of the gender related labour-division and the increase of male superiority in labour during the Neolithic time. The observed transition from the tools used by both genders to the male ~lated tools supports this conclusion. The possible time-of the transition of the matrilineal clan to the patriarchal clan is also discussed.