中国历史地图集编绘的历史轨迹和理论思考

The History and Theoretical Reflection on the Compilation of the Chinese Historical Atlas

中国历史地图的编绘历史悠久,早在晋代就绘有著名的历史地图,但中国古代的历史地图都不是现代意义上的经纬测绘地图,而主要是以编绘政区疆域山川内容为主,并没有现代历史地图的综合表现。明末西方传教士将现代经纬测绘地图技术带入中国,但就是整个清代而言,大多数仍是采用传统的计里画方的平面符号和散点透视的写意山水方法进行地图绘制,中国历史地图是在清末才开始采用现代经纬测绘平面符号绘制和多色套印印刷,这方面日本人早于中国用现代方法绘制中国历史地图。从20世纪五十代以来,中国的历史地图编绘进入了繁荣时期。当代中国历史地图的编绘存在许多方面的不足,如存在将历史地图看成文化工程而不是科学工程、强调绘制技术忽视基础研究的误区,从而影响了编绘中国历史地图集的科学信度和使用功效。未来中国历史地图的编绘,释文同步化、地图信息化、多维直观化、历史场景化应该是四大发展方向。

Dating back to the Jin dynasty, the compilation of historical atlas enjoys a long history in China. But the ancient historical atlas mainly focused on China＇s administrative regions, national territories and landscapes, which was different from the modern historical atlas using the geographic coordinate system to give comprehensive demonstrations. Since 1950, the compilation of historical atlas has stepped into a boom period in China. At present, in the compilation of historical atlas in China we can find a lot of deficiencies, which have negative effects on the reliability and validity of the compilation of historical atlas. Therefore, we have every reason to believe that the synchronization of annotation, the application with information technology in atlas, the visualization of multi-dimensions and the restoration of historical scenes will be the four development trends of China＇s compilation of historical atlas in the future.