明清北京休闲文化发展的分期及其影响因素

The Staging and Influencing Factors of Leisure Culture Development in Beijing During Ming and Qing Dynasty

明清时期是北京古代休闲文化发展的鼎盛时期。明时风俗的转变给北京休闲活动带来了巨大影响。明万历以后的北京民风追求物质享受和游乐。清前、中期开发了"三山五园",茶馆、酒楼、会馆、庙会、风景游览地等蓬勃发展,商业剧场开始出现。由于内外分治政策,外城西区在各类休闲地的建设方面处于北京各区前列。清末,京剧形成,而园林等休闲地受到外来侵略军的破坏。从甲午中日海战到清亡之间,北京进入吸收西方休闲文化的发展阶段。清末北京公园和动物园开放为市民公共休闲空间,是北京休闲史上的重大事件。

The Ming and Qing Dynasty was the prosperous time of leisure culture development in ancient Beijing. The change of custom brought tremendous influence on leisure activities in Beijing. The folk in Beijing after Wanli during the Ming Dynasty pursured material enjoyment and pleasure. In the ear- ly and middle of the Qing Dynasty, the three hills and five gardens were constructed, teahouses, restau- rants, assembly halls, temple fairs, landscape spots developed well, commercial theater began to appear. Because of the policy of dividing-rule for Han town and Man town, the western area of the outer city loca- ted in the forefront of the districts of Beijing in all kinds of leisure sites building. At the end of Qing Dy- nasty, Beijing opera formed, while gardens and other leisure sites were destroyed by foreign invaders. However, From the Sino-Japanese naval battle to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, Beijing went into the development stage of absorbing western leisure culture. The park and Beijing Zoo were opened as public leisure space, which became an important historical events in the leisure development history of Beijing.