从认识论到生存论:中小学作业改革的新取向

From Epistemology to Survival Theory: New Orientation of Assignment Reform in Primary and Middle Schools

中小学作业作为教学的重要组成部分,在传统认识论的影响下,作业目标、作业内容、作业方法和作业评价等方面存在突出问题,导致学生负担过重,作业改革也因此陷入困境。重新理解作业改革需要科学的理论基础,生存论与认识论不同,它关注师生生存状态和生命价值,为作业改革提供了新的理论视阈。以此为指引将有助于重构作业改革目标,进一步明确学校作业的宗旨;处理好作业内容设计的科学性、规范性与人性化之间的关系;重构作业模式,培养合作精神和生存本领;处理好作业评价中自评与他评的关系。

Assignment is the key part of teaching in primary and middle schools. With the influence of the traditional epistemology orientation, there lie some prominent problems in the objectives, content, methods and evaluation of assignment, leading to the overload of students, which also causes the assignment reform in a dilemma. It needs scientific theory foundation to afresh the understanding of assignment reform. The epistemology is different from survival theory, and it focuses more on the living condition of teachers and students and the value of life. Therefore, it provides new theoretical perspectives for assignment reform, which will be conductive to refactor assignment reform goals as guidance, and make the purpose of assignment more clear, to handle the relations between scientific nature, normative and humanity in the content design of assignment, to reconstruct the pattern of assignment and cultivate the cooperation spirit and survival skills, and to deal well with the relationship between self-assessment and peer editing in the assessment of assignment.