“热河生物群”蚜类昆虫的讨论

ON DISCUSSION OF FOSSIL APHIDS WITHIN“JEHOLBIOTA” ,CHINA

对“热河生物群”中蚜虫类的科级分类、演化和地质时代进行讨论并提出不同意见。Sinaphididae应予保留 ;Sunaphis应移至Sinaphididae;Petiolaphis,Petiolaphioides和Expansaphislaticosta科级分类位置未定 ;Oviparosiphidae不能与Callaphididae合并 ,Penaphis应归入前者。它们反映出中生代晚期蚜虫类的许多原始特征 ,都应归入这个地质历史时期生存的绝灭科。山东莱阳组可与辽西义县组对比 ,均为晚侏罗世沉积。

Therehavebeenalargenumberoffossilaphidswith inthefamous“Jeholbiota”ofChina.Uptonow ,2 1 speciesof14generain 6familiesyieldedintheMesozoic rocks (UpperJurassic LowerCretaceous)havebeenre coveredbytheChinesepaleoentomologistsduringthelast twentyyears(Lin,1980 ,1995 ;Zhangandothers,1989; HongandWang,1990 ;Ren,1995 ) .Recently,howe ver,thesystematicsoftheirfamilialposition,theevolu tionaryproblemandtheageofthestratabearingthese fossilaphidshavebeenfocusofmuchdiscussionamong foreignandChineseentomologists (Lin,1980 ,1995 ; Jarzembowski,1989;Zhangandothers,1989;Hongand Wang,1990 ;Hong,1998,1999;Wegierek,1993;Ren, 1995 ;Heie,1996;HeieandWegierek,1998) . Theclassificationoffossilaphidsisverydifficultfor somereasons.Inadditiontocarefulobservationofspeci mens,theprerequisitesforgettingarelativelyreasonable schemeare( 1)abettercomprehendofthethefundamen talsofinsectmorphologyandclassification,involving somenewconceptssuchas“autapomorphy” ,“plesiomor phy”and“apomorphy”currentlyusedincladistictaxono my;( 2 )understandingofthebasicframeworkeofaphid evolutionand ( 3)athoroughstudyofthereferencesrela tedtoextantandextinctaphids.However,Hong ( 1998) proposedapeculiar“standard”forestablishinganewfa milyinwhichallthefamilialcharacteristicsmustbeu nique.Inthelightofthis“criterion”heclaimedthatthe familySinaphididaeerectedbyZhangandothers ( 1989) shouldbecancelled,andcouldbeamalgamatedwiththe extantfamilyCallaphididae.Thereclassifiedactionsby Hong ( 1998)areunacceptable.Alsocontraryto Wegierek( 1993) ,thisauthormaintainstheconclusion putforwardinthepreviousarticle (Zhangandothers, 1989) .Sinaphididaebearsacloseresemblancetotheex tinctfamilyOviparosiphidaebutmaybeseparatedfrom thelatterbyantennawith 5to 7segments,secondaryrhi naria (senseorgans)circular,rangingirregularly,fore wingwithMandCuA1incompleteatbase,missingfor considerabledistance.Ontheotherhand,thisfamilyis sharplydifferentfromtheCallaphididaeinhavingthefol lowingaspects:headandthoraxcloselyjointed;antenna5 to 7 segmented,withlastoneshortandstout,similarto penultimateinshapeandstructure;secondaryrhinaria rangingirregularlyinallantennalsegments;forewing withpterostigmalayingnearmiddleofwing;Rsstraight andlong,arisingfrommiddleofPt,endingnearwing top;allbranchesofMratherlong;ovipositorlarge whereascaudanotdeveloped.Thisauthordisagreesalso withHong’s( 1999)commentthattheevolutionaryprob lemsofaphidsdescribedbysomeforeignresearchershave notbeengenerallyacknowledged. Thisauthortakesnoticeofcertainpapersandbooks writtenbyHong.Onthebasisofthissortof“standard”, hehasproposedmanynewfamilies,suchastheSino raphidiidaeHong,1982 ,JilinoraphididiidaeHonget Chang,1989withinRaphidioptera,Mesorthophlebiidae Hong,1982withinMecoptera,LeptopodocoleidaeHong, 1982withinColeoptera,SinoryssidaeHong,1983,Lim netidaeHong,1983withinHymenoptera,Asiochaobori daeHongetWang,1990 ,ParatendipedidaeHonget Wang,1990 ,SinotendipedidaeHongetWang,1990 , andProtabanidaeHong,1982withinDiptera,etc.Un fortunately,however,allthosequeerfeaturesoffamilial diagnoseslistedbyhimareman made.Ponomarenko ( 1993)andWillmann ( 1994) pointed,respectively,out thatthefirstandsecondfamiliesweremistakenlyde scribedinwingvenation.Clearly,theso calledcharacters offorewingshouldincludeatleastapartofhindwing veins.Similarly,theMesorthophlebiidaeisbasedona specimenofcaddisflyratherthanscorpionfly,andtheve nationinforewingcontainsmorethanasingleone.The typespeciesofLeptopodocoleidaeisarealbug,notabee tle.Rasnitysn ( 1990 )recognizedSinoryssidaebelonging totheextantfamilyMegalyridae.Itisquiteevidentthat theextrawingveinsandcellshadartificiallybeenadded bythefounder.Likewise,thevenationinforewingof Limnetidaeconsistsactuallyofapairoffore andhind wings.Borkent( 1993)wonderedhowtheAsiochaobori daemightberelatedtotheCulicomorpha,letalonetheChaoboridae.Itsstrangewingvenationshouldbewrong drawn.Boththetwo,ParatendipedidaeandSinotendi pedidae,arebasedonshort hornedfliesratherthanrepre sentativesofChironomoidea.Zhangandother( 1993)in