硝酸盐对沉积物中有机物氧化减量及微生物群落结构的影响

Effects of Nitrate on Organic Removal and Microbial Community Structure in the Sediments

通过投加硝酸钙为电子受体,促进厌氧环境中有机污染物降解转化的方式已被广泛应用于沉积物的污染修复,然而目前有关硝酸盐对复合污染沉积物中有机污染物的减量特点及其微生物响应的了解极少.本研究通过在实验室模拟条件下添加硝酸盐到河涌沉积物中,采用极性和非极性逐步分离萃取、GC-MS相对含量测定,以及PCR-DGGE分子生态学分析手段相结合,研究硝酸盐对河涌沉积物中有机污染物降解转化和微生物菌群结构特点的影响.结果表明,硝酸钙的投加可有效提高有机物的去除效果.沉积物TOC以及总有机物的去除率比未添加硝酸盐的对照组分别高出47.25%、29.55%.各类有机物的去除效果由高到低依次为含硅有机物、烷烃、多环芳烃、杂环、烯烃类、苯系物、极性物质、邻苯二甲酸酯类、醛酮和烷酸酯类物质.其中含硅有机物、持久性有机污染物多环芳烃、苯系物以及杂环物质的去除率比对照组分别高出46.73%、36.25%、23.19%、35.92%.细菌16S rDNA V3区PCR-DGGE图谱显示,硝酸盐添加前后沉积物中的微生物群落结构存在显著差异.其中10个主要条带中4条归属于变形细菌(Proteobacteria)的δ和γ两个亚群,2条归属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria),1条归属于梭菌纲(Clostridia),1条归属于绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),1条归属于新发现的细菌门(Caldiserica),1条为未培养微生物.本研究结果将为利用硝酸盐促进厌氧沉积物的污染治理提供科学依据和理论指导.

The strategy promoted pollutant degradation and transformation under the anaerobic circumstance by adding nitrate as an electron acceptor has been widely used in sediment bioremediation. However, few literature reports on organic removal characteristics and microbial community responses in the contaminated river sediment under the nitrate reduction condition. Methods including the polar and non-polar chemical fractionation, relative abundance detection of organic matters by GC-MS were combined and applied to investigate organic removals and PCR-DGGE analysis was used for microbial community structures in sediment incubation systems with or without calcium nitrate addition. The results indicated that the addition of calcium nitrate could significantly enhance removal efficiencies of organic pollutants. The removal efficiency of total organic carbon （TOC） and the total peak area of organic matters in GC-MS were 47.25% and 29.55% which were higher than those of the control. The effect descending order of organic pollutants was： silicon materials〉alkanes〉polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons〉heterocyclic compounds〉olefins〉benzene homologues〉polar compounds〉phthalates〉aldehydes and ketones〉alkyl esters. And removal rates of silicon materials, the persistent organic pollutants, benzene homologues and heterocyclic compounds were 46.73%, 36.25%, 23.19% and 35.92% which were higher than those of the control. The PCR-DGGE profile of bacterial 16S rDNA V3 fragments showed obviously different microbial community structures between the treatment and the control systems. Blastn analysis revealed that sequences of 10 predominant bands from DGGE profile were closely related to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Clostridia, Chloroflexi, Caldiserica and uncultured bacterium. The research findings provide some helpful scientific information for promoting organic pollutant removal of river sediment by nitrate reduction.