国际规范的双重属性与规范的缘起--基于国际气候合作规范的分析

The Dual Attributes of International Norms and the Emergence of Norms:A Case Study of International Climate Cooperation

缘起阶段是国际规范生命周期中的第一阶段,是考察国际规范性质及其扩散进程中道德与权力矛盾的重要切入点。实际上,既然社会是由人组成的,人们在社会交往行为中可表现为利他性的道德属性和利己性的权力属性。国家之间互动形成的国际规范作为一种社会现象也同时包含道德与权力双重属性,二者相辅相成,缺一不可。这种双重属性的互动生动地体现在国际气候合作规范的缘起阶段。科学家群体对于国际气候合作规范的缘起起到了重要作用,从19世纪初到20世纪70年代末,科学家逐渐使越来越多的人开始关注气候变化问题及其危害,但要有效治理这二问题还必须借助民族国家的权力优势。于是在20世纪80年代从美国的国内辩论开始,气候变化问题进入了政治家的视野,并在政治力量推动下进入到具有实质意义的法律文件谈判阶段,但这也使正在缘起的国际气候合作规范受到权力因素的强烈影响。在这一过程中,科学家代表的道德属性与政治家代表的权力属性之间展开了复杂互动,但最终政治家接过了国际气候合作规范的缘起进程,并将其推向扩散阶段。

As the first phase in the life cycle of international norms,the 'emergence' marks a vital vantage point for examining the attributes of international norms and for analyzing the conflicts between morality and power in the diffusion of the norms.International norms,as social phenomena,bear all the hallmarks of morality and power,and the interaction between such dual propensities can be best exemplified in the emergence of the norms governing the international cooperation on climate change.From the early 19th century to the late 1970s,scientists alerted an increasing number of people to climate change along with its hazards,an effective resolution of which proved impossible without the aid of the power-wielding nation states though.As a result,since 1980s,with the US domestic debates on it as its prelude,the issue of climate change has been put on the agenda of politicians,and driven by political forces,it entered a substantive stage featuring the negotiation over relevant legal documents.For this reason,however,the embryonic international norms were highly susceptible to the factor of power.The process witnessed the complex interaction between the universal morality represented by scientists on the one side and the national ethicsupheld by politicians on the other,yet ending with politicians' taking over the emergence of the norms and then propelling them to the stage of their diffusion.