水肥管理措施对水稻产量、养分吸收及稻田氮磷流失的影响

Effects of Water and Fertilizer Managements on Yield,Nutrition Uptake of Rice and Loss of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Runoff from Paddy Field

在天然降雨条件下,采用田间径流小区实地监测的方法,通过3年6茬水稻的试验,研究6种不同水肥管理措施(不施肥+常规灌溉、常规施肥+常规灌溉、优化施肥+常规灌溉、增量施氮+常规灌溉、增量施磷+常规灌溉、优化施肥+节水灌溉)对水稻产量、养分吸收及稻田氮磷流失的影响。结果表明:6种处理下的水稻干物质年产量为11 629～19 709kg/hm2,氮、磷、钾年吸收量分别为90～174kg/hm2,36～62kg/hm2,151～288kg/hm2,地表径流总氮和总磷年流失量分别为14.0～42.9kg/hm2和0.244～0.559kg/hm2;其中,增量施氮+常规灌溉处理的水稻产量,氮、钾养分吸收量及径流水总氮流失量相对最高;而"优化施肥+节水灌溉"处理的水稻产量、养分吸收量与"常规施肥+常规灌溉"处理相当,但可明显降低稻田地表径流的氮、磷流失量,同时每年可节省(比常规灌溉处理)灌溉水量900.5m3/hm2,并能取得较好的经济效益和环境效益。

Under the condition of natural rain and through the measure method of field runoff plots, an field experiment with 6 kinds of water and fertilizer managements（i, e. none fertilization and routine irrigation, routine fertilization and routine irrigation, optimization fertilization and routine irrigation, increasing nitrogen fertilization and routine irrigation, increasing phosphorus fertilization and routine irrigation, optimization fertilization and optimization irrigation） in 3 years（6 stubbles of rice） was carried out to study the effects of water and fertilizer managements on yield, nutrition uptake of rice and loss of nitrogen and phosphorus by runoff from paddy field. Results showed that, under 6 kinds of water and fertilizer managements, the dry matter yield of rice was 11 629- 19 709 kg/（hm2 · a）, the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in rice plant were 90 -174 kg/（hm2 · a）, 36 - 62 kg/（hm2 ＊ a）, 151- 288 kg/（hm2 · a）, respectively, and the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus by runoff from paddy field were 14.0-42.9 kg/（hm2 · a） and 0. 244-0. 559 kg/（hm2 a）, respectively. Moreover, the dry matter yield of rice, the uptake of nitrogen and potassium in rice plant and the loss of nitrogen by runoff from paddy field under the treatment of ＂increasing nitrogen fertilization and routine irrigation＂ were relative higher than others. And the treatments of ＂optimization fertilization and optimization irrigation＂ and ＂routine fertilization and routine irrigation＂ had the equivalent yield and nutrient uptake, but the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus of the former treatment were obviously reduced, and the irrigation water was saved by 900.5 ma/（hm2 · a）, synchronously. Thus, better economical and environmental benefit would be achieved by using the treatments of ＂optimization fertilization and optimization irrigation＂.