试论土司的社会管控策略——以重庆土家族为例

On the Social Control Strategies by Native Hereditary Officials——Taking Tuijia People in Chongqing as An Example

社会控制,是社会组织利用社会规范对成员的社会行为实施约束的过程。重庆土家族土司遵守王权国家设定的土司制度,认真贯彻和落实中央王朝的相关政策,采取有效措施,牢固地掌控着重庆土家族地区的社会、政治、经济和文化秩序。重庆土家族土司的社会控制策略表现在三个领域:一是与中央王朝的政治博弈;二是与内外土司的利益制衡;三是对领地百姓的掌控。

Social control is a process in which social organizations make use of social norms to restrain the social behaviors of their members. The Native Hereditary Officials of Tujia in Chongqing, in the framework of the national Native Hereditary Official System, seriously implement and carry out related policies formulated by the central imperial court, and dominate the social, political and cultural orders by way of effective methods. Social control strategies used by Native Hereditary Officials in Chongqing are shown in three aspects： political game with the central imperial court, interest counterbalance with their counterparts in and abroad, and domination of people in their manors.