对虾免疫系统及调控机制的研究进展

Research Progress of Immunity Systems and Regulatory Mechanisms of Penaeid Shrimps

对虾是现代生活中重要的水产品,随着养殖规模和密度的增加,对虾疾病也愈发严重,造成了不可估量的经济损失.因此,对虾的免疫系统及其调控机制一直是人们关注和研究的重点.与脊椎动物不同,对虾拥有完善的非特异性免疫系统,主要包括细胞免疫和体液免疫两个体系.当感受到外来物入侵以后,对虾会立刻启动相关的免疫级联反应,一方面触发细胞免疫系统,包括血细胞的吞噬、包掩和凝集等免疫反应;另一方面也会诱发体液免疫系统,包括血淋巴或体液中酶(如溶菌酶、酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶等)、免疫因子(如凝集素、溶血素等)以及调节因子(如酚氧化酶原激活系统等)的防御功能.针对对虾的免疫系统及其调控机制进行了概述,以期为对虾养殖业的病害防治研究提供参考.

Penaeid Srimp is an important aquatic product in modern life. With the increase of the scale and density of aquaculture farming, diseases of Penaeid Srimps become more serious, causing incalculable economic losses. Unlike vertebrates, Penaeid Srimps have perfect non-specific immune system, which mainly includes cellular immunity and humoral immunity. When feeling the invasion of microbes, the immune cascade reactions of Penaeid Srimps are initiated immediately. On the one hand, these invasive microbes could trigger the cellular immunity of Penaeid Srimps, including the phagocytosis, en-capsulation and agglutination of blood cells. On the other hand, they could trigger the humoral immunity of Penaeid Srimps, including enzymes （lysozyme, phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase） , immunological factors （lectin, haemolysin） , and regulatory factors （prophenoloxidase activated system） in hemolymph. Based on these researches, we try to summarize immunity systems and regulatory mechanisms of Penaeid Srimps, so as to provide reference for prevention and treatment of diseases of shrimp culture.