三级跳远运动员支撑期间下肢动作的运动学分析

Influence of Lower Limb Motion of Triple Jumpers on Performance

目的:主要探讨三级跳远运动员下肢起跳腿与摆动腿动作对运动成绩的影响。方法:使用5部每秒60张画面的摄像机(Canon ZR-60),以2010年全国青年田径锦标赛男女各8名运动员为受试者进行拍摄,采用Dempster(1955)建立的14个肢段、21个关节点的人体模型,通过爱捷运动解析系统实施二度空间的影片分析。结果与结论:①肌肉反应系数男女三个阶段均未达到相关意义;②女子起跳与跳跃阶段较小的腿部劲度可增加阶段距离表现(r=-0.716,r=-0.848,P<0.05);③男子在起跳与女子在跨跳阶段较小的膝关节劲度将有利于阶段距离的获得(r=-0.715,r=-0.821,P<0.05);④髋关节并不是运动员在支撑阶段缓冲垂直力量的关节;⑤摆动腿角速度仅女子在跳跃缓冲与蹬伸阶段与实跳距离达显著相关意义,快速地摆动角速度将有利于运动成绩提高(r=0.727,r=0.850,P<0.05);⑥起跳腿与摆动腿夹角变化在三个阶段均未达到显著相关意义。建议:加强摆动腿训练将有利于垂直速度的获得,提高运动成绩。

Purpose： The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of the motions of the takeoff leg and free leg on triple jump performance.M ethod： This study used five cameras w ith a speed of 60 frames per second to record the jumpers’ performance in the 2010 National Youth Track and Field Championships.According the Dempster model（1955） to record 14-segments and 21-joint points on the jumpers’performance through the EIM G video analysis system to analyze the data.Result and Conclusion： The data of competitions w ere computed.According to the results,the conclusions are as follow s： 1） The muscle response coefficients in the three phases are not significantly correlated.2） The less leg stiffness during hop and jump phase,the longer the phase distance in females（r =-0.716,r =-0.848,P ＆lt; 0.05）.3） A low er degree of knee angular stiffness is beneficial to achieving greater phase distance during men jumpers’Hop phase and w omen jumpers’ step phase（r =-0.715,r =-0.821,P ＆lt; 0.05）.4） The jumpers do not use the hip joint to alleviate the vertical force during support phase.5） The actual distance is significantly correlated w ith the speed of free legs only for females during the jump-buffer and pressing phases;in other w ords,a higher speed of the free legs results in better performance（r = 0.727,r = 0.850 P ＆lt; 0.05）.6） Changes in the intersection angle of the takeoff leg and free leg do not reach significance in all three phases.Suggestedion： It is suggested that strengthening the training of free leg w ill be good for acquirement of vertical speed to promote sport performance.