秦汉社会方技——医药学探析——兼论司马迁为扁鹊仓公立传的历史意义

The Study of Medicine and Pharmacology in Qin and Han Dynasties——Discussing Historical Significance of Sima Qian Writing Biography for Bian Que and Canggong

医药学是我国古代科技的重要门类之一,在刘歆的《七略》中,医药学被称之为"方技略",医生被称之为"方者"。司马迁在《史记》中撰《扁鹊仓公列传》,开创了正史为方技立传的先河,后世因袭,遂成故事。从长沙马王堆出土的《五十二病方》来看,从春秋战国至秦汉社会,医方包括部分禁方有了很大的普及。东汉初年编成的《神农本草经》集中反映了先秦秦汉时期药物学的成就。方技中不仅方者,甚至鼓吹神仙术的方士,都对药物学作出了一定的贡献。

Medicine is one of the important categories of ancient science and technology in China. In the Seven Brief writen by Liu Xin, medicine was called Fangji Brief, the doctor was referred to as Fangzhe. Sima Qian had written Records of the Grand Historian. Collected Biographies of Bian Que and Cang Gong, which had been pioneered the official history to write biography of Fangji. Through 52 Kinds of Disorders unearthed in Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, medical prescriptions including some taboo prescriptions extensively had been popularizing from the Spring and Autumn periods and Warring States periods to the Qin and Han dynasties. The Shen Nong＇s Herbal Classic compiled in the early Eastern Han dynasty concentrated to reflect achievements of the Qin and Han＇s medicine. Both the Fangzhe and alche- mists also made a certain contribution for medicine.