略谈植物生物技术的现状和发展

Plant Biotechnology—Current Status and Future Perspectives

从植物生物技术实用化时代开始的1983年至今,植物生物技术的发展已经历了30年的历史,从实验室走到了大田,证明了其对粮食和饲料生产的作用.正式进入商品化应用16年,生物技术作物的全球种植面积已从1996年的170万hm2提高到2012年的1.7亿hm2.目前应用的品种主要以减少种植者投入为目标,属第1代开发产品.把育种目标转向高产、抗逆、高品质等的第2代产品发展迅速,金稻米和抗旱玉米是其中2个成功的例子.第3代的生物技术育种——用植物生产各种重组蛋白,包括药用蛋白、工业用蛋白的开发,也已取得了长足的发展,多个基于植物的生产体系不断完善,部分药用蛋白已进入不同阶段的临时试验.随着科学技术的发展,这一新的育种技术及其应用范围在不断的改进中,可以期待它在新型的可持续发展农业中将发挥更大的作用.

Since the success of transferring a foreign gene into plants and the expression of the incorporated gene in the transgenic plant genome in 1983,plant biotechnology has been developing for 30 years.From researches in the laboratories to practical applications in the farms,the importance of this new technology in the production of food and forage has been proved.In the year of 2012,the areas of biotech crops planted reached 170 million hectares,compared with 1.7 million hectares in 1996,the first year when commercialized transgenic crops were adopted globally.Most of the products on the current market belong to the first generation products,which target to reduce farmers inputs.The development of the second generation transgenic plants focused more on increasing the crop yield,stress tolerance as well as quality improvement.Golden rice and drought tolerant maize are two of the successful examples.The third generation biotechnology of breeding programs,which utilized plants to produce recombinant proteins,such as pharmaceuticals and industrial,have also developed rapidly in recent years.Several such kinds of products are now at different stages of clinical trials.With the speedy progress of life science and technology,this new breeding technology will be continuously improved and a greater role will be expected from it for the development of sustainable agriculture.