自身性:中国“孝治天下”的形成及消解

“Selbstheit” in Chinese Context: On the Formation and Resolution of the Idea of “Governing the World with Filial Piety”

中国传统政治意识形态的核心命题是"君君、臣臣;父父、子子"和"孝治天下"。这种命题经由现代西方政治意识形态的外在强大冲击,表面上虽已瓦解,但其本身的内在形成和构成,却并没有得到深入的批判研究,它仍然产生着实质性的影响。有鉴于此,可以主要通过海德格尔的存在现象学思想,探讨"本真的自身性"(eigentliche Selbstheit)、"非本真的自身性"(uneigentliche Selbstheit)及"自我性"(Ichheit)的区分和关联,考察分析中国政治意识形态的形成与消解的进程,试图说明孔子的本真的政治诉求是天下为公、选贤与能的"大同",而不是谋作兵起、"亲亲"孝治的"小康"。因而不对中国古代禅让制和古希腊城邦民主制及其以后各自意识形态的形成发展进程进行深入比较研究,中国与欧盟等在现有的意识形态下,很难展开深层次的有效对话。这将为一种本真政治现象学建立的可能性提供理解的基础。

The core propositions of Chinese traditional political ideology are that 'let the prince be a prince, the minister a minister, the father a father and the son a son' and that 'an emperor should govern the world with filial piety'. Due to modern western political ideology’s attack, they seem to be untenable. Their internal formation and composition, however, are not criticised in depth. They still have great influences on us. In the view of this fact, with the help of Heidegger’s Being-phenomenology, the distinction and correlation between 'eigentliche Selbstheit', 'uneigentliche Selbstheit' and 'Ichheit' can be discussed and the process of forming and resolving Chinese political ideology can be examined and analysed. Moreover, it will attempt to illustrate a view that the real political pursuit of Confucius is 'Da Tong' (unite the world as a whole by choosing and recommending the good and talented) rather than 'Xiao Kang' (appeal to power, seek and construct the feudal social system). Therefore, without a deep comparative study on Chinese Shan Rang system, ancient Greek democracy and their individual development processes, it would be hard for China and the European Union to launch an effective dialogue under the existing ideology. It may build a foundation for the possibility of a true political phenomenology.