混合植物蛋白质替代鱼粉对花鲈和西伯利亚鲟生长和肉质影响的比较研究

Effects of Fish Meal Replacement by Plant Protein Blend on Growth and Flesh Quality of Japanese Seabass(Lateolabrax japonicus) and Siberian Sturgeon(Acipenser baeri Brandt)

通过16周的生长试验,比较研究混合植物蛋白质替代鱼粉对花鲈(Lateolabrax japoni-cus)和西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baeri Brandt)生长和肉质的影响。2种试验鱼的对照组饲料均以低温蒸汽干燥鱼粉(白鱼粉)作为唯一蛋白质源,花鲈对照组饲料含56.9%的白鱼粉,粗蛋白质含量为40%,命名为LJ-FM;西伯利亚鲟对照组饲料含51.0%的白鱼粉,粗蛋白质含量为36%,命名为AB-FM。以混合植物蛋白质(豆粕∶谷元粉为1.00∶1.67,粗蛋白质含量为64.84%)在等氮等能的基础上分别替代对照组饲料中25%、50%、75%、100%的鱼粉,并相应命名为LJ-PPB25、LJ-PPB50、LJ-PPB75、LJ-PPB100和AB-PPB25、AB-PPB50、AB-PPB75、AB-PPB100。花鲈的初始体重为(7.34±0.01)g,随机分为5组,每组设4个重复,每个重复30尾;西伯利亚鲟的初始体重为(49.48±1.00)g,随机分为5组,每组设4个重复,每个重复22尾。结果表明:混合植物蛋白质替代鱼粉后,花鲈的摄食率显著下降(P<0.05);末均重以LJ-PPB25组最高,显著高于LJ-PPB75和LJ-PPB100组(P<0.05);LJ-PPB100组的饲料系数显著高于其他4组(P<0.05);混合植物蛋白质替代鱼粉后,花鲈全鱼的水分和粗灰分含量显著升高(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著下降(P<0.05),粗蛋白质含量和总能无显著变化(P>0.05)。各组西伯利亚鲟的摄食率、末均重、饲料系数及体成分均无显著差异(P>0.05)。同一替代水平下,西伯利亚鲟肌肉中各个游离氨基酸含量均远高于花鲈。一定水平(≤75%)的混合植物蛋白质替代鱼粉能显著提高花鲈肌肉中总游离氨基酸和呈味氨基酸的含量以及西伯利亚鲟肌肉中总游离氨基酸和必需氨基酸的含量(P<0.05)。对于花鲈,摄食含混合植物蛋白质饲料后肌肉中游离组氨酸(生物胺的前体物)含量显著增加(P<0.05);而西伯利亚鲟肌肉中游离组氨酸含量却随混合植物蛋白质替代水平的上升呈先升高后降低的趋势,以AB-PPB100组最低,显著低于除AB-PPB75组外的其他各组(P<0.05)。随着混合植物蛋白质替代水平的上升,花鲈肌肉游离氨基酸中牛磺酸含量先升高后降低,以对照组最低,显著低于除LJ-PPB100组外的其他各组(P<0.05);但对西伯利亚鲟没有显著影响(P>0.05)。2种试验鱼鲜鱼片的质构特性差异较大,但熟鱼片差异较小。混合植物蛋白质替代鱼粉后对2种试验鱼鲜鱼片和熟鱼片质构特性的影响均不显著(P>0.05)。2种试验鱼鲜鱼片的剪切力差异较大,西伯利亚鲟要远高于花鲈,但二者均未随着混合植物蛋白质替代水平的上升而发生显著变化(P>0.05)。2种试验鱼鲜鱼片中胶原蛋白含量差异较小,且随着混合植物蛋白质替代水平的上升均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并均在替代水平为25%时达到最高值。混合植物蛋白质替代鱼粉对花鲈鲜鱼片的滴水损失没有显著影响(P>0.05),但降低了西伯利亚鲟鲜鱼片的滴水损失,且在替代水平为50%和100%时差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。LJ-PPB25组花鲈的肌纤维密度显著低于LJ-PPB100组(P<0.05),但AB-PPB25组与AB-PPB100组间西伯利亚鲟的肌纤维密度无显著差异(P>0.05)。根据生长及肉质结果,花鲈饲料中混合植物蛋白质替代鱼粉的水平不宜高于50%。混合植物蛋白质完全替代鱼粉不影响西伯利亚鲟的生长,但考虑肉质指标建议最高替代水平为75%。

A 16-week growth trial were conducted to compare the effects of fish meal replacement by plant protein blend （ PPB ） on growth and flesh quality of Japanese seabass （ Lateolabrax japonicus） and Siberian sturgeon （Acipenser baeri Brandt）. In control diets, 56.9% and 51.0% of low-temperature steam dried fish meal （ white fish meal） were used as an only protein source to formulate the diets containing 36% and 40% of crude protein for Japanese seabass and Siberian sturgeon, and named as LJ-FM and AB-FM, respectively. The other four iso-nitrogen and iso-energy diets were prepared to replace 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% fish meal of the control diet by PPB （soybean meal：wheat gluten meal was 1.00：1.67 and the crude protein content was 64.84% ） and correspondingly named as LJ-PPB25, LJ-PPB50, LJ-PPB75, LJ-PPB100 and AB-PPB25, AB- PPBS0, AB-PPB75, AB-PPB100, respectively. There were 5 groups for each species with 4 replicates per group and 30 Japanese seabass or 22 Siberian sturgeon per replicate, and the Japanese seabass and Siberian sturgeon had the initial weight of （ 7.34 _＋ 0.01 ） g and （ 49.48 _＋ 1.00 ） g, respectively. The results showed as follows： the feed intake rate （FIR） of Japanese seabass was significantly decreased when fish meal was re- placed by PPB （ P 〈 0.05 ） ; LJ-PPB25 group had the highest value of the final body weight （ FBW）, and was significantly higher than LJ-PPB75 and LJ-PPB100 groups （P 〈0.05 ） ; the feed conversation ratio （FCR） in LJ-PPB100 group was significantly higher than that in other groups （ P 〈 0.05 ） ; the contents of moisture and crude ash in whole fish of Japanese seabass were significantly increased （ P 〈 0.05 ）, and the crude fat content was significantly decreased （ P 〈 0.05 ）, while the crude protein content and gross energy had no significant changes （P 〉 0.05 ）. No significant differences in FIR, FBW, FCR and body composition of Siberian stur- geon were found among all groups （ P 〉 0.05 ）. Generally, each of muscle free amino acids （FAA） content of Siberian sturgeon was much higher than that of Japanese seabass under the same replacement level. When PPB replaced 75 % or lower level of fish meal, the contents of total FAA and flavor amino acids in muscle of Japanese seabass and the contents of total FAA and essential amino acids （EAA） in muscle of Siberian stur- geon were significantly increased （ P 〈 0.05 ）. For Japanese seabass, the muscle free histidine （ the precursor of histamine） content was significantly decreased when the fish fed the diets containing PPB （ P 〈 0.05 ） ; for Siberian sturgeon, the muscle free histidine content was firstly increased and then decreased, the AB-PPB100 group had the highest value, and was significantly higher than the other groups expert AB-PPB75 group （P 〈 0.05）. With the replacement level of PPB increasing, the muscle free taurine content of Japanese seabass was firstly increased and then decreased, the control group had the lowest value, and was significantly lower than the other groups expert LJ-PPB100 group （P 〈 0.05） ; but the muscle free taurine content of Siberian sturgeon was not significantly affected by PPB replacement level （ P 〉 0.05 ）. The texture characteristics of raw fillets had a larger difference and that of cooked fillets had a few difference between Japanese seabass and Siberian sturgeon. The texture characteristics of raw fillets and cooked fillets of Japanese seabass and Siberian sturgeon were not affected by the fish fed the diets containing PBB （ P 〉 0.05 ）. The shear force of raw fillets had a lar- ger difference between Japanese seabass and Siberian sturgeon, and that of Siberian sturgeon was much higher than that of Japanese seabass, but both of them had no significant changes with the PPB replacement level in- creasing （ P 〉 0.05 ）. The collagen content in raw fillets had a few difference between Japanese seabass and Si- berian sturgeon, and both of them were firstly increased and then decreased with the PPB replacement level in- creasing and had the highest values when the replacement level was 25%. Fish meal replacement by PPB did not significantly affect the drop loss of raw fillets of Japanese seabass, but decreased the drop loss of raw fillets of Siberian sturgeon （P 〈0.05）, and a significant difference was found between the 50% and 100% replacement level （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Furthermore, the muscle fiber density of Japanese seabass in LJ-PPB25 group was sig- nificantly lower than that in LJ-PPB100 group （ P 〈 0.05 ）, but there was no significant difference in muscle fiber density of Siberian sturgeon between AB-PPB25 and AB-PPB100 groups （ P 〉 0.05）. According to the results of growth and flesh quality, the replacement level of fish meal by PPB in diets of Japanese seabass should not be higher than 50 %. Totally replacement of fish meal by PPB does not affect the growth of Siberian sturgeon, but considering the indices of flesh quality, the highest replacement level is 75 %.