国际刑法中儿童军承担刑事责任最小年龄研究

The Study of the Minimum Age of Criminal Liability for Children’s Soldiers in International Criminal Law

世界上没有一场战争是由儿童发动的,但当战争发生时儿童往往不可避免地卷入战争,甚至走向前线参与战事。这些无辜儿童一旦参与战事,就会发生侵害行为,导致严重的国际犯罪,触犯国际刑法。但各国刑法对儿童承担刑事责任年龄规定不统一,加之国际社会对儿童军刑事责任的最小年龄没达成共识,因此在国际刑法实践中导致儿童军的处境差异很大,甚至违背国际刑法人道主义原则。为实现对儿童军刑事责任的合理处理,《日内瓦公约》之《附加议定书》《联合国少年司法最低限度标准规则》《联合国儿童权利公约》《国内法与国际法原则下的未成年人刑事责任决议》都为此进行了努力,并取得了很大进展。但因为国际社会并没有对儿童军承担刑事责任最小年龄做出明确统一规定,加之从欧洲人权法庭司法审判和塞拉利昂特别法庭规约等实践看,国际社会要想合理地解决儿童军的刑事责任,国际社会就应明确统一规定儿童军承担国际犯罪刑事责任的最小年龄。

There is no war launched by the child in the world.However,when war occurs,children are often involved in the war and even recruited into the troops to the front-line of war.Once these innocent children are forced to participate in hostilities,violations would occur.As a result,it would cause serious criminal acts,violations of international criminal law and guilty of international crime.But the countries’ Penal Code of criminal responsibility for children’s age is not the same.What’s more,the international community did not reach a consensus on the minimum age of young soldiers’ criminal responsibility.Therefore,it leads to the situation that young soldiers are treated in different ways in the practice of international criminal law.It even disobeyed the international penal code’s humanitarianism principle and caused great shock and contention.Fighting for reasonable treatment of the criminal responsibility for young soldiers,the Additional Protocol of the Geneva Convention,the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice,the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child,Minors under the domestic law and the principles of international law criminal responsibility resolutions all carried on effort for this and great progress has been made.But the international community did not make clear about the uniform minimum age of criminal responsibility of children’s army.Considering the situation of the practice from the administration of justice of the European Court of Human Rights and the Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone,in order to be a reasonable solution of the Army’s criminal responsibility of children,the international community should make clear uniform provisions that concerning the minimum age for children’s military commitment to the international crime of criminal responsibility.