传闻异辞与文献性质、叙述目的关系考论——以“商汤灭夏”为例

The Study on the Relations between Differences in Texts Interpreting the Same Event,the Nature of Literature and Narrator’s Purposes——With a Case Study of “Shang Tang’s Destruction of Xia Dynasty”

从叙述学角度切入,分析商汤灭夏史实在《竹书纪年》、《帝王世纪》、《吕氏春秋》、《清华简》、《尚书》中载述的差异,并推断造成差异的原因在于文献的性质和叙述目的不同。同时,运用统计学方法,考察商汤灭夏的肇因、前期准备、战争过程在不同文献载述中所占比例,反观文献的叙述目的及特点,并确定《清华简·尹至》乃是后人追述伊尹功绩的文章。总结出史书类文献偏重叙述事件肇因,重视戒鉴意涵;政书类文献偏重全面概述和论说,缺乏细节;记言类文献以铭记个人功绩为目的,详记人物的优秀事迹,其余则少论及等特点。

Concerning differences in texts interpreting the same event,researchers pay more attention on records with wide discrepancies or contradictions while neglecting nuances.From the perspective of narratology,the paper analyzes records about ＂Shang Tang’s Destruction of Xia Dynasty＂ in Shangshu,Zhushujinian,Diwangshiji,Lvshichunqiu,Qinghuajian.By looking into these variances,this research discovers that different natures of literature and narrator ’s desired effects would cause discrepancies.At the same time,it calculates proportions for each part in different texts,and conjecturs the narrator ’s purposes,viewpoints and characteristics of literature.The research concludes that Qinghua Jian,Yinzhi is a work of posterity that celebrated the achievements of Yinyi.Therefore,it can be summed up that historical texts stress on the causes of historical events,emphasizing implications and lessons for the future,political texts put emphasis on general surveys and comments but lack details,while texts that recorded the deeds and sayings of historical figures focus on personal accomplishments and neglect researches of other aspects.