基于生态位适宜度的农村居民点布局研究——以武汉市新洲区为例

Research for Rural Settlement Distribution Based on Niche Fitness Model——A Case Study of Xinzhou District in Wuhan City

农村居民点是农村人口生产、生活等综合功能的承载体,研究其内部结构、空间布局对改善农村生产生活水平、保护耕地、缓解建设用地压力,推进社会主义新农村建设进程具有重要作用。首先,在MapGIS的支持下,利用数理统计法探究了新洲区农村居民点布局结构、特征规律以及存在的问题;其次,依据生态位理论,构建了新洲区农村居民点生态位适宜度模型,将新洲区划分为高度适宜区、中度适宜区、低度适宜区和不适宜区4个等级。最后,在分区布局的基础上,采用以点带面,整体推进的方式,形成了"一轴、两核、三级、四带、中心村"的居民点布局格局,对新洲区农村居民点布局进行了优化。结果表明:农村居民点优化布局可采取先分区后布局的规划思路;生态位适宜度模型能很好地实现农村居民点的分区,结合规划思想和工具,可以作为农村居民点规划布局的有效手段。

Rural settlement is regarded as the production and living for peasants.It plays an important role in improving the rural production and living standards,protecting the cultivated land,releasing the pressure on construction land and driving the construction of new socialistic counties to study its internal structure and spatial distribution.First,the distribution pattern and problems of rural settlements in Xinzhou District was analyzed with the methods of mathematical statistical analysis through MapGIS.Secondly,the indictors of niche fitness evaluation system was built for distribution for rural settlements based on niche theory.The study area was divided into four different areas： highly suitable area,medium suitable area,low levels of appropriate area and inappropriate area for rural settlement.Finally,based on the results above,we optimized the layout of the rural residential areas and formed the general pattern of rural settlement distribution that there are 2 core towns,11 central towns and 7 general towns to be established in the process of layout optimization of rural residential areas.It is concluded that the optimal distribution of rural residential areas should persevere in partition layout and classification regulation in Xinzhou district;niche fitness model can very well realize the rural residential areas division,which can be used as a good way to achieve rural residential area planning layout with the help of the planning ideas and tools.