清末民国时期珠江三角洲的桑基鱼塘与生态经济环境

The Traditional Mulberry Dike Ponds and the Eco-Economic Environment in Central Area of Pearl River Delta in the late Qing Dynasty and Minguo Period

清末至1920年代是桑基鱼塘经营和扩建的鼎盛时期。清末民国时期珠江三角洲桑基鱼塘的经营首先需要有堤围和闸窦等水利设施的保障,筑堤围以防洪,通过闸窦以利用潮水排灌,控制池塘的溶氧;以顺德为中心的地区形成了与循环经济相适应的景观特点,珠江三角洲地区桑基鱼塘所在的乡村也具有独特的农户住宅模式;桑基鱼塘是一个开放的系统,农户在桑基鱼塘经营过程中投入了大量的有机肥,19世纪末期以来,香港及周边地区大量的人粪肥也流入桑基鱼塘区,池塘养殖的主要饲料是用水草和有机肥沤制成的绿肥与精饲料,顺德地区缫丝厂大量产出的蚕蛹也是塘鱼的精饲料;清末民国时期珠江三角洲地区的桑基鱼塘农业经营效益与整个世界丝业市场直接联系,小农户必须根据外部市场经济的状况随时调整桑基鱼塘各部分的经营。

Based on the survey report of household at Shunde and Nanhai County in 1920s,mulberrydike pond system in analyzed.The mulberry-dike pond ecosystem is a typical open system in traditional society in market economy.Since most of the mulberry-dike ponds in Shunde were built in the low-lying flood area,many embankments were constructed and small gears were set up between the ponds’dikes.Farmers collected and bought large amounts of organic fertilizer and the organic fertilizer stacked year by year while formatting the mulberry dikes’soil.Large quantity manure from Hong kong also flowed into Shunde since the late 19th century.Farmers composted the aquatic weeds and organic fertilizer and thrown the compost into ponds to feed the fishes.Silkworm chrysalis were taken as the concentrated forage for the fishes because there were so many silk filatures in Shunde.At the times of late Qing dynasty and 1920s’Households of mulberry-dike ponds seldom raised pigs.The houses were also built with particular style for being convenient to raise the silk worms.